Alternatives to Human-embryo Stem-cell Research Essay -- Argumentative

Options in contrast to Human-incipient organism Stem-cell Research   â This paper counters the media and numerous researchers' cases that there are no reasonable options in contrast to human-incipient organism immature microorganism research (ESCR).  The media rehash the case (made more than once in NIH records) that grown-up undifferentiated cells don't have a similar potential as early stage immature microorganisms, which in principle can shape any tissue. In any case, considers finished with grown-up undifferentiated organisms (examines which reflect the ones finished with undeveloped immature microorganisms) show that grown-up foundational microorganisms do have the ability to frame basically any tissue.  The most deceptive term which keeps on being utilized is pluripotent. Literally, this implies ready to shape most (however not all) tissues. This term keeps on being utilized inaccurately, basically to infer that human early stage undifferentiated organisms can shape every single human tissue aside from trophoblast tissue - this is a fundamental external layer of cells in the early undeveloped organism which permits it to embed into the uterine divider and supports early turn of events. The trophoblast is additionally the piece of the undeveloped organism expelled in its demolition to reap the inward early stage undifferentiated cells. The expression human pluripotent undifferentiated cells has been utilized to counter the subject of whether human early stage immature microorganisms in culture could really change a human incipient organism, inferring this is unimaginable. However in declaration before the Senate, at that point Director of the NIH, Harold Varmus, said that this chance was questionable, and that in certainty it is deceptive to endeavor such an analysis to decide if this was conceivable (Varmus). Enter the term pluripotent - if the early stage foundational microorganisms can't shape trophoblast, they can't frame an incipient organism. Mouse early stage immature microorganisms can't frame trophoblast tissue. Be that as it may, as expressed in Thomson... ... contesting that we are an individual even at the one-cell stage. It has never been adequate to forfeit one lot of human lives for the likely advantage of others (and they are just expected advantages now.) Human undeveloped undifferentiated cell research appoints various qualities to various individuals, assigning some as individuals and some as property.  It is absolutely UNNECESSARY. Moral choices exist, for example, grown-up immature microorganisms which have just demonstrated considerably more guarantee than undeveloped cells, these outcomes for grown-up undifferentiated organisms are completely itemized in the logical writing, and that grown-up foundational microorganisms are as of now being utilized clinically, following through on the potential that early stage undifferentiated organisms just guarantee.  WORKS CITED: Varmus, Harold. http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/statement.htm Thomson, Professor. http://www.erp.wisc.edu/workforce/thomson/

Charlottes Web, by E. B. White | Summary and Analysis

Charlottes Web, by E. B. White | Summary and Analysis Connections in Charlottes Web I decided to peruse Charlottes Web since it has consistently been one of my preferred stories. I quickly realized this would be the ideal story to expound on human and creature interrelationships. There are a wide range of connections between the individuals and the creatures all through this book. Alongside those connections, there are different interrelationships between the creatures too. I cherished perusing this book once more, and discovered it the ideal book for this kind of article. The story starts with a litter of pigs being conceived at the Arables ranch. There were an aggregate of eleven pigs, including the pipsqueak. Regularly, Mr. Arable executes the half-pint since it for the most part bites the dust at any rate. Nonetheless, Fern, the Arable little girl, turned out to be vexed when she heard her Papa was going to murder the infant pig. She asked and begged him until he at long last surrendered and disclosed to her that he would not murder the pipsqueak on the off chance that she dealt with it. Greenery was so blissful to have her own one of a kind child pig. She named her new pig Wilbur. Wilbur cherished Fern, and would follow her any place she went. After Wilbur was fourteen days old, he needed to live outside in a little wooden box under the apple tree. Plant would go outside regularly to take care of, walk, and play with Wilbur. The two of them truly cherished every others organization. Shockingly, when Wilbur was five weeks old, Fern needed to offer him to her Uncle Homer Zuckerman. The Zuckermans ranch was near Ferns house, so she could proceed to visit Wilbur at whatever point she satisfied. The homestead had ponies, bovines, geese, chickens, sheep, mutts, felines, and now Wilbur. Wilbur turned out to be exhausted on the homestead; he no longer got the opportunity to go on strolls or swims with Fern. He was constantly stuck in his little pig pen. One bright day, Wilbur was simply strolling around his pen conversing with himself about how exhausted he was, the point at which a goose caught. The goose disclosed to Wilbur that there was a board free on his pen and he could get out and do anything he desired. Since Wilbur was so exhausted he concluded that he might want to leave the pen and see whats out there. While strolling around the homestead with complete opportunity, Mrs. Zuckerman saw him. She shouted out to her better half and Lurvy, the recruited man to proceed to get him. News like this spread quick all through the homestead. All the creatures were discussing Wilburs opportunity. At that point Mr. Zuckerman, Lurvy, and the pooch encompassed Wilbur. All the creatures began hollering for Wilbur to flee. Notwithstanding, the sweet smell of incline before long came over Wilburs nose, and he was immediately baited once again into his pen. There is a ton of human and creature interrelationship in these initial three passages. Mr. Arable doesnt truly care about the pigs, he just uses them to bring in cash. He doesnt consider them to be genuine living things that have emotions quite recently like him. Be that as it may, his girl Fern makes a genuine association with Wilbur. She spares his life, and deals with him similarly as she would her own youngster. They become every others closest companion. On the off chance that Ferns isn't at school, she is with Wilbur. They do everything, and go wherever with one another. They become genuine sidekicks. Greenery likewise builds up a relationship with the remainder of the animals on the homestead. They all become more acquainted with her, and begin to confide in her. They permit her to sit in their pens and watch Wilbur. In the following three sections, numerous things occur at the Zuckerman ranch. Wilbur turns out to be extremely, forlorn. He had arranged his entire outing. He arranged when he would eat, when he would rest, and when it would simply stay there doing literally nothing. Sadly, when he arose every one of his arrangements vacated the premises because of the downpour. So he at that point requested that the goose play with him, yet she was perched on her eggs. Next he requested that a sheep play with him yet the sheep said no and called him not as much as nothing. Not even Templeton the rodent would remove time from his day to play with poor Wilbur. Wilbur then turned out to be incredibly discouraged, and began to sob. Directly before Wilbur was going to hit the hay he heard a little voice that stated, Do you need a companion, Wilbur? Sick be a companion to you (White 31). Hearing this energized Wilbur, yet he was confounded in light of the fact that he couldnt see where this little well disposed voice was originating from. The voice at that point advised Wilbur to rest, and that they will meet toward the beginning of the day. Wilbur did as he was told, and in the first part of the day he found his new companion was an arachnid named Charlotte A. Cavatica. From the start, Wilbur was nauseated by his new companion Charlotte. She gave him how she got her food in her web, and sucked out their blood. Wilbur didnt recognize what to think about her since he truly needed a companion, however he believed that what she did was barbarous. In these three parts there werent any human and creature interrelationships in light of the fact that there werent any people referenced. Be that as it may, there were a great deal of creature connections among Wilbur and different creatures. The goose doesnt even care much about Wilbur, and simply kind of considers him to be an interruption. The sheep state they consider pigs not as much as nothing, which is odd to me since what do the sheep do that make them that incredible? Hearing this equitable decimates poor Wilbur, as it would anybody. Wilbur then goes to Templeton who has no enthusiasm for Wilbur, just Wilburs food. In the wake of hearing that nobody thinks about him Wilbur turns out to be discouraged. He feels that he doesnt have any companions on the ranch, which makes him pitiful on the grounds that he was so used to having a companion constantly when he lived with Fern. At that point Charlotte comes into the image, yet Wilbur isnt so sure on the off chance that he truly n eeds to be her companion since she is so savage. In the following couple of parts Wilbur gets very pushed. One of the sheep reveals to him that the Zuckermans are simply filling him out to kill him at Christmas time. Normally, Wilbur blows a gasket and starts going around saying Save me, I dont need to die!(50). Charlotte caught the discussion between the sheep and Wilbur, and advised Wilbur to quiet down. Charlotte said that she would concoct an arrangement to spare Wilbur. The following morning Fern discloses to her family about the animals at the outbuilding. She reveals to her folks precisely what the creatures were stating, which infers that she can comprehend creature talk. Her mother gets concerned, and says she is going to call Ferns specialist. Plants father just passes over the entire discussion like it wasnt a serious deal. Later the following evening, Wilbur begins respecting Charlottes Web. He discloses to Charlotte that he figures he could manufacture a web simply like hers in the event that he needed to do as such. Charlotte realizes this is inconceivable and advises Wilbur to attempt. So Wilbur then trips to the highest point of the fertilizer heap, and bounces off trusting a string will come out of his butt and catch him. Normally, this doesn't occur, and Wilbur lands level all over in the ground. His next splendid thought is to tie a string that Templeton offered him to his tail, and afterward attempt something very similar once more. Much the same as the main endeavor, this one bombed as well. Wilbur at last surrenders, and everybody including Fern snickers at him. Charlotte at that point perks him up, and advises him to simply rests and unwind. Inevitably of quiet, Wilbur asks Charlotte how she anticipates sparing him from being Christmas supper. Charlotte says she has not completely thought of the arrangement yet, however she will consider one that will work. Wilbur is still inquisitive of how this is going to function, and continues asking Charlotte numerous inquiries. At last, Charlotte advises him not to stress, and just to do as hes told. She at that point advises him to eat well, remain solid, and to get a ton of rest. Wilbur does as he is told, and nods off. In these last three passages, the principal human and creature interrelationship is between the Zuckermans and Wilbur. The Zuckermans simply observe Wilbur as a Christmas supper. The explanation they feed him and deal with him isn't on the grounds that they really care about him; it is on the grounds that they need a pleasant, enormous Christmas supper. To me, this is so miserable. I dont realize how individuals could raise a pig and afterward simply slaughter it and eat it! I realize this is the thing that occurs, in actuality, and it is the means by which everybody gets their bacon and ham, however it is simply so pitiful to me. The other human and animal interrelationship is among Fern and all the animals on the ranch. Greenery can comprehend the creatures when they converse with each other. She comprehends what every one of them are stating, yet I dont think the creatures realize she has this extraordinary blessing. Greeneries mother just thinks she is going insane, however Ferns father just brushes it off like its nothing. I think this is presumably one of the most significant human and creature interrelationships all through the story. During the following three sections numerous occasions happen. To begin with, Charlotte makes sense of a way that she can fool the Zuckermans into not executing Wilbur. In any case, she realizes she needs to work quick on the grounds that there isnt a ton of time. That day, Fern and Avery come down to the Zuckermans house for some blueberry pie. Avery carries a frog with him, which causes a catastrophe in the Zuckermans house. After the frog occurrence both of them choose to go swing on the rope in the Zuckermans horse shelter. After they became weary of swinging they proceeded to pick a few raspberries. While doing this, Avery found a little treats box to place his frog in. Plant at that point needs to proceed to visit Wilbur, so the two of them stroll over to the pig pen. Avery finds Charlotte and her web. He at that point attempts to take Charlotte out of her web and execute her. Fortunately, Avery stumbled and happened to break Templetons spoiled egg. The sickening smell baits Av ery and Fern away from the pig pen, and Charlotte. The following day was extremely foggy, which made it simpler to see Charlottes web. At the point when everybody got up they found that Charlotte had composed the words some pig, in her web. The Zuckermans were so alarmed by this message, and began accept they really had an astonishing pig. Mr. Zuckerman then proceeded to tell a kindred minister, who of coarse told the entire town. By the following day individuals were arranged before Wilburs pen to see him, just as Charlottes web. With

Music and brain function free essay sample

The world is loaded up with music. We hear it out in our rooms, our vehicles, in the exercise center, and practically anyplace were we can connect our earphones. There are a wide range of music classifications, in any case. What's more, It has as of late been appeared to have a staggering measure of control over our bodies. Fix Brain Damage Music Is ready to take stroke, injury or other mind harmed patients who have lost the incomplete capacity to see or talk and return It to them. The Kenny Rogers Effect takes patients with visual disregard, the powerlessness to perceive half of what they see, and helps the impacts of the damage.Patients with left-side mind harm who can no longer talk can discover they can sing words, frequently without inconvenience or preparing. From that point forward, its Just a short time before theyre ready to talk straightforward sentences with some training. We will compose a custom article test on Music and cerebrum work or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page How Can it Work? Melodic pitch treatment, or singing until you can talk, exploits the way that language capacities are situated in the left cerebrum, however music lives over on the correct side of the mind. Along these lines, when you lose your capacity to talk, you can prepare your mind to move those capacities to the opposite side by partner music with language.Listening o music you appreciate has an extra impact, since pleasurable music discharges dopamine that just makes certain pieces of your cerebrum work better (especially If they were harmed previously). Kick an Addiction things being what they are, performing music can be unwinding and can make an interruption from withdrawal side effects; songwriting can assist patients with standing up to drive control and self-trickiness and permits a yield for negative feelings It has even been discovered that tuning in to music can help the disentangle phase of recuperation from illicit drug use, and whenever applied every now and again could eliminate the quantity of agony executioners patients need.How Does it Work? Music legitimately influences synthetic concoctions called synapses, which transfer data in our mind. Medications work alon g these lines, with the exception of they make your cerebrum apathetic and persuade it to quit making its own synthetic compounds. Be that as it may, when you quit ingesting medications, your mind isnt making enough synthetic concoctions and it doesnt know why since it depends on those medications to get enough, so your body neglects to work effectively. Presenting music can expand levels of certain synthetic compounds related with substantial addictions, similar to dopamine and rudeness. What's more, certain music brings down things like pulse, circulatory strain, muscle pressure, and so forth. Lift Your Immune System Music may help support your Immune framework. Ongoing investigations have demonstrated that elusive plinking clamors can make a perceptible increment in recuperation from a wide virus. While the field of study is as yet youthful contrasted with genuine medication like pharmaceuticals things being what they are, here and there all you have to defeat your awfully disease is some music. Music lessens worry by decreasing cortical levels, a concoction in your cerebrum that causes {oh to feel worry in the first place.Jazz, country and delicate stone have been seen as particularly powerful at diminishing pressure and expanding wellbeing as a result of their comparable melodic characteristics. In the event that youre thinking about whether your preferred music is helping your wellbeing, a great inquiry to pose is, Does this music make me need to revolt? In the event that you addressed indeed, at that point its presumably not an ideal medication. Notwithstanding just bringing down feelings of anxiety, music additionally brings safe markers up in your framework, making more antibodies to battle disease.This impact is exacerbating: Over time, the body can figure out how to perceive specific kinds of music (especially ensemble or traditional music) as Immune boosting, proceeding with the improvement of the insusceptible framework. Forestall Seizures news: If youre not one a little % to get seizures from music, you might be one of he more fortunate ones who profit by diminished seizure movement because of tuning in to music. This impact has even been seen in trance like state patients. Its been indicated that music by Mozart played on the piano diminishes seizure-causing action in the mind Nothing five minutes of presentation, with numerous cases demonstrating quick results.Experimentation with different types of music has been negligible, however for reasons unknown there gives off an impression of being an association between o ur cerebrums and piano music. How Does it Nor? Its guessed that the super association of the cerebral cortex . .. May reverberate Ninth the predominant design of Mozart music Scientists truly havent made sense of it yet. Be that as it may, it has appeared to help now and again. Return Lost Memories If you have Listeners music could assist you with recalling bits of your past.Medical specialists have discovered that music demonstrates the possibility to uncover recollections related with music for patients, even ones in late phases of dementia. How Can it Listening to music draws in numerous regions of the mind in the two sides of the equator, which is the reason it can make cerebrum action different strategies, similar to discussion, cant. Another region it draws in is the hippopotamus, which handles long haul memory stockpiling. At the point when you tune in to music you know, sentiments related with the tune are returned by the hippopotamus. Some of the time the recollections even figure out how to join the significant feelings.Even if recollections arent recouped, feelings and perspectives are, giggle and chime in with old melodies that they love. Increment Spatial Reasoning If just there were some approach to cause yourself to appear to be more brilliant without working. Goodness, Anita, there is. Mozart music, particularly piano music, can raise your spatial thinking what might be compared to nine IQ focuses. Also, that is a normal, which means there are a few people who get considerably even more a lift from it. How Can it Work? There are a ton of speculations, however some case that Mozart music centers the audience more. Others state it expands action in vital areas of the brain.No one truly knows why it works Cure Parkinson At this point, you might be asking, Sure, music can fix my mind, yet would it be able to fix my body? On the off chance that you have Parkinson illness, music Just may have the option to help. Casualties of Parkinson experience the ill effects of muscle fits, locking muscles, and parity issues. Notably, applying music can quickly resolve the physical issues of Parkinson in numerous casualties. Take Range Seedling, who was determined to have Parkinson in 2003 and hill she had muscle fits, balance issues and trouble strolling. The infection in the long run prompted a genuine fall in the shower.Things were looking truly inauspicious until one day she discovered she could tune in to music and abruptly have the option to move effortlessly, the sort of music deciding the speed she strolls at. We Are the Champions let her walk a moderate clasp and Born in the USA made her move even quicker. En youre secured your room, tuning in to your old Ann.s CDC, have you at any point seen your foot tapping all alone? That is not Just in light of the fact that you have horrible preference for music. This is on the grounds that the segments of the cerebrum which manage cadence and passionate are computerized to the point that it requires no cognizant thoughtfulness regarding move to a beat.

The Law Of Evidence - Free Essay Example

Smooth muscle is one of three muscle fiber types found in animals. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are not striated, and have single nuclei. Smooth muscles are typically under control of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Smooth muscle contracts slowly, and does not exhibit the characteristic twitch seen in skeletal muscle. In addition, smooth muscle is not prone to muscle fatigue, making it an ideal component of sphincter muscles. Smooth muscle is found in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, and is responsible for peristaltic movements. Smooth muscle contractions are affected by calcium and potassium ions. Calcium ion influx into the smooth muscle cell initiates a contraction. Potassium ion concentration in the extra cellular medium affects the resting membrane potential of the cell, bringing it closer to or farther away from its threshold voltage. Neurotransmitters affect different types of smooth muscle differently, depending on the association of the smooth muscle with excitable cells. In general, acetylcholine increases the muscle cells permeability to calcium, while epinephrine decreases the cells permeability to calcium. Introduction and aim of the experiment The following report was to test a smooth muscle which was collected from the intestine of a rabbit. The main of this experiment was to see how the surrounding environment of the muscle could affect how muscle contracted. The experiment consisted of different environments and the muscle was monitored and results were recorded of the amplitude and the frequency of the wavelengths. The levels of muscle contractions and relaxations were measured using a transducer, a D.C amplifier, and a laboratory computer. Overview of experiment The smooth muscle was a small part of the intestine which was prepared correctly by trimming off the attached mesentery and fat. This experiment only required one piece of this smooth muscle and this was then placed into a beaker which was aerated and fed Ringer-Locke solution this is an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues. The experiment only required one piece of small intes tine, which had the length of 2-3 cm long. The intestine was held in place with a tissue holder, and was attached to the transducer via a piece of string. The transducer detected contractions and relaxation of the muscle, and via the D.C amplifier showed on the computer the frequency and strength of the contractions and relaxations. The solution that the muscle was placed in was kept at the temperature of 37 Celsius apart from when the environment condition changed was the temperature. This type of setup is known as in vivo preparation. This preparation of the smooth intestine allows a precise control of the environmental conditions. Brief description of test carried out The test which was carried out had six parts to it. The first part of the experiment was to gain initial control of the muscle this was done by having optimum conditions for the smooth muscle so it could achieve a steady rate of contraction and relaxation. This was achieved by adding Ringer-Locke solution and keeping it aerated. By having this set up it allowed the muscle environment to be very closely met to the ideal body environment where the muscle would have a good contraction and relaxation rate. The muscle was left in this preparation until the readings on the computer were constant (about 4 minutes) the initial control was labelled using the comment bar. The next environment was non-aerated this meant to turn the air supply off which was coming to the bath where the muscle was held. Then the Ringer-Locke solution was removed from the bath and fresh Ringer-Locke solution was then placed into the bath. The reason for removing the old solution was to prevent any inaccurate readings as the solution could still have contained oxygen which would have affected the results. This part of the test was recorded after every 5, 10, 15 minutes and the results where inserted into a table. The main purpose of using this environment was to see what the muscle contractions and relaxations are when there is a lack of oxygen. This part of the experiment was again labelled on the comment bar. The next part of the experiment was to remove the Ringer-Locke solution and replace it with 50ml of glucose free solution and again results were recorded after every 5 ,10, 15 minutes and recorded into a table. The fourth different environment was change in temperature. The Ringer-Locke solution of 37 Celsius was replaced with a Ringer-Locke solution that was cooled to 4 Celsius. The purpose of this environment was to test the muscle activity in a cold environment and to analyse the effects. The fifth environment involved the use of calcium free solution this replaced the Ringer-Locke solution. This was analysed for 5 minutes to see how the muscle activity was affected. The final environment was to do with changes in the pH. The pH was changed from pH7 which is neutral to a different pH. The solution with different pH was prepared before hand and the purpose of this environment was to see what effect a pH change would have on the muscle activity. After each part of the experiment initial control was established before moving on to the next part the reason for this being to keep the muscle running properly before each part of the experiment and to cause less damage to the smooth muscle. Also each part of the experiment was labelled on the comment bar this was done to show each different part clearly so it was not confused. (Clear methods are shown in the printouts) Results table for my experiment Firstly the results achieved ere done by looking at the different graphs and to work out the amplitude for the graph the following was done: Example (Graph not related to report) To work out the amplitude of the graph recording two figures were recorded one being the peak of the wave and the other being the lowest part of the wave To work out the frequency for each part of the experiment the amount of waves were recorded in a minute time period. The frequency in this case was how many times the muscles contracted and relaxed in a minutes. The amplitude was the strength of each contraction and relaxing of the muscle. The maximum and minimum amplitudes were collected for each environment and recorded; the amplitude chosen was picked at random as well as the minute where the frequency of waves was calculated. These are results are shown in the table below: Environments Frequency per Minute (min-1) Amplitude 1 Amplitude 2 Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Initial control 15 2.10 0.78 1.96 0.65 Non aerated 5 Mins 13 1.94 0.47 1.89 0.38 Non aerated 10 Mins 17 1.53 0.36 1.51 0.38 Non aerated 15 Mins 16 1.58 0.38 1.54 0.36 Lack of glucose 5 mins 17 1.34 0.47 1.49 0.41 Lack of glucose 10 mins 17 1. 51 0.43 1.52 0.45 Lack of glucose 15 mins 17 1.37 0.45 1.43 0.46 Cold ringer solution 5 Mins 14 1.76 0.44 1.73 0.51 Calcium Lack 5 Mins 12 1.15 0.63 .95 0.47 Change of pH Flat No waves Discussion of results Firstly a diagram of the intestine is needed to show how it works and what different types of cells it contains. This is needed as it will help to understand why the muscle behaved differently when tested with six different environments. A diagram of the small intestine is shown below; The small intestine contains the 4 basic layers which are serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. Small intestine wall is composed of the same four layers that make up most of the gastrointestinal tract: serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. The mucosa is composed of a layer of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The epithelial layer of the small intestinal musoca consists of simple columnar epithelium that contains many types of cells. Some of these are the following: Enetrocytes these help with the transport of substances from lumen of the intestine to the circulatory system, synthesis of the glycoprotein enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption. Gob let cells these are unicellular mucin also known as secreting glands. Paneth cells these are located at the bottom of the intestinal glands. Their main function is their secretion of granules which contain lysozyme this enzyme helps breakdown bacteria also known as phagocytosis. Paneth cells may have a role in regulating the microbial population in the small intestine. Enteroendocrine cells these are mostly found again in the lower parts of the intestinal gland known as the crypt. The main function of these cells is to release several hormones. The main one beings cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide these help increase pancreatic and gallbladder activity. Intermediate cells these are young enterocytes and goblet cell which are able to withstand cell division. Apart from the smooth muscle many other cells and vessels make up the intestine. The small intestine also contains submucosal artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, submucosal plexus, circular l ayer of smooth muscle, and myenteric plexus. All these tissues, cells, and vessel combine to make the small intestine wall. The smooth muscle in the control environment was able to obtain a steady frequency through out its 4 minute period with 15 waves per minute. The waves which were seen were the smooth muscle contracting and relaxing. The amplitude levels of the waves were both quite high showing strong contractions rate the reason for this was that the environment set was to ideal conditions where the muscle could perform its best. It had a max amplitude of 2.10 and min amplitude of 0.78 which shows that having ideal conditions the muscle is able to behave normally without any problems. The effect of oxygen lack of the smooth muscle cause the small intestine to increase the frequency, at 5 minutes no aerated the frequency had first dropped to 13 and after 15 minutes the frequency of contraction and relaxations had increased to 17 the reason or this being without oxygen the smooth muscles started to have spasms as it was unable to contract properly without the oxygen supply needed. Also the amplitude levels decreased quite quickly from 1.94 (max) and 0.47(min) at 5 minutes to 1.58(max) and 0.38 (min) at 15 minutes. The reason for this was that without oxygen the muscle was unable to make the energy needed for strong contractions as the peak is lowered as can be seen on the traces. This was detected by the pull on the string that was attached to the transducer; the pull was not as strong so this was recorded on the traces. So without oxygen the muscle cells are still able to make ATP but a small amount. Only about 2 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in glycolysis. If there is no oxygen present, the Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ used in glycolysis. This is known as anaerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration generates only two ATPs, and lactic acid is produced. Most lactic acid diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream and is subsequently absorbed by the liver. Some of the lactic acid remains in the muscle fibers, where it contributes to muscle fatigue. Because both the liver and muscle fibers must convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when oxygen becomes available, anaerobic respiration is said to produce oxygen debt The next part of the experiment was to test how the muscle activity differed when placed in glucose free solution. From this part of the test the frequency of muscle activity stayed consistent throughout the 15 minutes. The traces show consistent movement and also the amplitudes levels differed as at 5 minutes (1.34) the maximum amplitude was low then at 10 minutes (1.51) it wet higher and at 15 minutes (1.37) it decreased again to a similar figure which was at 5 minutes. By looking at this result the results are not as accurate as they should have been, meaning they may have been some kind of inaccuracy when following the method as without glu cose, ATP can not be made and the amplitude of the waves should have been lower. ATP can be made from glucose which is stored in the carbohydrate glycogen. Through the metabolic process of glycogenolysis, glycogen is broken down to release glucose. ATP is then generated from glucose by cellular respiration. Also ATP can be produced from glucose and fatty acids obtained from the bloodstream. When energy requirements are high, glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and fatty acids from fat stored in adipose cells and the liver are released into the bloodstream. Glucose and fatty acids are then absorbed from the bloodstream by muscle cells. ATP is then generated from these energy-rich molecules by cellular respiration. Without glucose the frequecny should hve increased but the amplitudes levels should have decreased as there was not a sufficient energy source which could supply the muscle so it could contract and relax. The next part of the experiment consisted of placing the smooth muscle into a cooled solution of 4 Celsius from a change of 37 Celsius. There was not much change to the frequency but it did drop a little bit due to the muscle not being used to these environmental conditions. The amplitude differed from the control readings as they had decreased but were still quite high as they had the nutrients in the solutions which helped them to contract. If this experiment was left to carry on then there would be further change as the solution would gradually heat up to room temperature and this would mean that the smooth muscle activity would increase. Calcium plays a big part in all muscle contraction as well as smooth muscle contraction which is different as it does not contain troponin. In smooth muscles calcium ions enter from outside the cell. They then bind to an enzyme complex on myosin; this then breaks up ATP into ADP and then transfers the Pi directly into myosin. By doing this it allows the myosin to activate and from cross ridges with actin. When the calcium is pumped out of the cell, the Pi gets removed from myosin by an enzyme this allows the myosin to become inactive and the smooth muscle is able to relax. This process is also known as myosin regulated contraction. In the experiment where calcium free solution was added it affected the smooth muscle immensely as the frequency of contracting and relaxing dropped to 12. Also the amplitude levels came down as the contractions and relaxations levels were not strong the max being 0.95 and the minimum being 0.47 if this was left for a longer period of time the frequency levels may have dropped more. Without calcium entering the cell the smooth muscle is unable to do the process which is described above. While making the Ringer-Locke solution it is not only the calcium ions which are important to the smooth muscles. Some others are potassium chloride and sodium chloride, the reason these ions are needed because it helps to portray an environment such as the body with ideal conditions. If only distilled water was used it would mean the cells in the muscles would up take the water and blow up. So these ions are used so they are able to keep a concentration gradient and allow everything to work correctly as it would in the smooth muscles natural environment. The final environment was the change in pH levels. The results showed that the muscle had stopped functioning and there was no reading on the traces. This meant that there was no muscle contraction or relaxing. The reason for this was the muscle had broken down the reason for this muscle fatigue was that the low pH had affected the smooth muscle as it was unable to perform in this type of environment. Also as the low pH solution was there for a certain period of time the muscle was unable to remove it and therefore caused the muscle to breakdown. The low pH may have affected the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may lead to the interfere of the intercellular calcium concentrations, this can lead to long term physical muscle damage as muscle fibers are affected. While preparing the isolated smooth muscle many precautions are taken so the muscle can avoid excessive pH changes. One of these precautions which are taken is to make sure that before inserting the small intestine into the bath. The solution will need to be tested with pH indicator test strips which will give a fairly accurate reading of the solution which the smooth muscle will be placed. This is very important as if the pH is incorrect it will mean that the smooth muscle will not perform to its full potential meaning the results achieved will be inaccurate. To gain accurate results all solutions which are used will need to be checked to see if they are the correct pH by using the ph indicating strips. After this test the smooth muscle was unable to reach the control again as the muscle had broken down. If this experiment was done again at room temperature the results would differ as the performance of t he muscle would decrease. This is because the optimum temperature inside the body is around 37 Celsius and this temperature allows the muscle to work at an optimum rate. The lower temperature will mean that muscle contraction will be slower as there will be an effect on enzyme reactions as the more heat there is the more kinetic energy there is this will mean that the muscle activity will be good. If acetylcholine was added to the solution bath of the smooth muscle the membrane potential would decrease and the frequency of waves would increase. The muscle will become more active, with an increase in tonic tension and the number of rhythmic contractions. The effect is mediated by enzymes which increases the intracellular Calcium concentration. Another substance which could have been added was adrenaline. Adrenaline allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. This means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at el evated levels. Adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the bodys fuel source (glycogen) into its fuel (glucose). This carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. Skeletal and smooth muscle muscles differences in structure and function There are many differences between the two types of muscles the differences are stated below: Snmooth muscles Skeletal muscle A smooth muscle fiber has no T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a loose network throughout the sarcoplasm. Are long cyrindrical cells that contain many nuclei Smooth muscle tissue has no myofibrils or sarcomeres They are striated this shows their precise alignments of their myofilaments. This tissue also has no striations and is called nonstriated muscle. Thick filaments consist of myosin as thin filaments consist mostly of actin. Thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm of a smooth muscle cell Each independent cell is stimulated by a motor neurone. Adjacent smooth muscle cells are bound together at dense bodies, transmitting the contractile forces from cell to cell throughout the tissue. Connective endomysium seprates cell Function Differences Smooth muscles cells are an involuntary action and can work slower so they do not have muscle fatigue. Skeletal Muscle contains both Fast Slow Twitch muscle fibers, that allow for a faster reaction where needed, and the opposite is true for the Slow as well Smooth muscle lines your arteries and airways and serves to contract or relax to help control blood pressure. skeletal muscles function almost continuously to maintain your posture making one tiny adjustment after another to keep your body upright They are also present in the iris of the eye to control the size of the pupil in response to light. By the use of the radial and circular muscle. Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are directly attached to your skin They line the GI tract to move foodthrough the intestines. This is done by peristalsis. Skeletal muscle generates heat as a by-pr oduct of muscle activity. This heat is vital for maintaining your normal body temperature.

Mexican American Relations Improved Since The Industrial Age

IWA-Mexican American Relations Question: How have Mexican-American relations improved since the industrial age and is it sufficient enough for a functional relationship between cultures? Introduction/Historical Perspective After Mexico gained its independence from Spain, one of its biggest goals was for regional autonomy-politically, socially, and economically. However, its problem at the beginning of its independence in 1821 was that over 60% of its population consisted of indigenous people, all of which would integrate poorly into the influence of the Industrial Revolution. Additionally, after the U.S. Mexican War 1846-1848 (â€Å"Mexican-American War†) Mexico lost over 55% of its national territory. The Mexican-American War was the one of the most significant events of the beginnings of Mexican-American relations, and is commonly referred to as the â€Å"original sin† between the two nations. The conquering of Mexico’s territory was driven by American imperialism and the expanist views during the presidency of Polk. The increased presence of Mexicans in the United States then began as this new territory they lived on was now United States territory. However, during the railroad boom, the U.S. helped to invest with 60% of the U.S.’s total investments in Mexico being in railroads and the others into mining, ranching, and industry, etc. While Mexico was doing better as a country economically, the U.S. controlled most of their significant industries. Mexico allying with the U.S inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Historical Trends at American Colleges and Universities1515 Words   |  7 Pages Historical Trends at American Colleges and Universities The colonial colleges were among the first colleges created and were established under religious auspices. It was believed that an educated ministry was needed to establish Christianity in the New World. 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Tennessee v. Garner 1985 Essay - 802 Words

Name: Tennessee v. Garner Citation: No. 83-1035, 83-1070 (1985) Facts: On October 3, 1974, Memphis Police Officers Hymon and Wright were dispatched to answer a â€Å"prowler inside call.† When the police arrived at the scene, a neighbor gestured to the house where she had heard glass breaking and that someone was breaking into the house. While one of the officer radioed that they were on the scene, the other officer went to the rear of the house hearing a door slam and saw someone run across the backyard. The suspect, Edward Garner stopped at a 6-feet-high fence at the edge of the yard and proceeded to climb the fence as the police officer called out â€Å"police, halt.† The police officer figured that if Garner made it over†¦show more content†¦Procedure: Garner’s father brought the action the police officer took in the Federal District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, looking for violations that were made of Garner’s constitutional rights. The complaint was alleged that the shooting of Garner violated the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. After a three day trial, the District Court entered judgement for all defendants. It dismissed the claims against the defendants as being the mayor and Officer Hymon and the Police Department as being the director for lack of evidence. Hymon’s actions were then concluded to being constitutional by being under the Tennessee statute. The Court of Appeals affirmed with regard to Hymon, finding that he had acted accordingly to the Tennessee statute. The Court of Appeals then reversed and remanded. It reasoned that the killing of a fleeing suspect is â€Å"seizure† under the Fourth Amendment, and is therefore constitutional only if actions are reasonable. In this case the actions were found not to be reasonable. Officers cannot use deadly force unless they have probable cause that the suspect poses a serious threat to the officer or has committed a felony. Issue: Garner, the suspect’s father brought forth that his unarmed son was wrongfully shot by a police officer as his son was fleeing from the burglary of an unoccupied house. He proposed aShow MoreRelatedTennessee V. Garner 1985908 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee v. Garner 1985 was a case that was the deciding factor that made it no longer acceptable for a police officer to use deadly force to inhibit a criminal from fleeing the scene. The only way that an officer would be able to do this is if the criminal was showing that they were going to be a greater threat if they were not dealt with immediately than they would be if they were just to continue pursuit of the person. This was a change to the old common law that if a criminal was trying to escapeRead MoreTennessee V. 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Information Systems Management The Term Hacking

Questions: Discuss the following points..1. Online security and hacking2. Techniques used by hackers3. Hackers and their activities4. Reasons for hacking5. Preventive measures taken by companies Answers: Introduction: The term hacking is often misinterpreted. Sverdlove (2014) stated that the incident of using a system in unpredictable or unintended way can be considered as hacking. Bodhani, (2012) suggested that use of hacking is effective for finding the shortcomings of a system. Although hacking can be used for assessing a system, the term mainly stands for breach of security in a system. However, recently use of hacking is increasing for accessing a system without authorization. Bradbury (2014) opined that gaining unauthorized access to a system can be considered as cracking. As the use of internet increased in past few years , incidents of hacking also increased. Currently users of internet services face severe challenges for protecting their information from hackers. Although the traditional hacking techniques are changed significantly, incidents regarding security loss due to use of conventional hacking methods has not been reduced. However evolution in hacking techniques makes the process o f protecting information more difficult. In this essay, both the traditional and modern hacking techniques are discussed. The essay also contains analysis on hacking purposes and preventive measures of hacking. 1. Online security and hacking: Figure 1: Hacking process (Source: Broad and Bindner, 2014,pp. 67) With the increase in internet services, incidents of hacking are also increasing. The hackers at the first stage scan the computers which are connected using internet. Hackers use several methods such as using credentials for getting access to a computer. Once the hackers get access to the computer they modify the data. Analysis on the hacking process indicates that the chances of being hacked are more for the computers which are connected using internet. 2. Techniques used by hackers: Viruses: Hacking attacks using viruses affect the functionality of a system. Finkbeiner, (2013) stated that that viruses are special programs which can replicate themselves. According to Broad and Bindner (2014) viruses have abilities to attach themselves with other programs or machine. Whenever the infected program or machine runs, virus is replicated and attached with new programs. Sverdlove (2014) opined that use of virus in hacking cause flow of unwanted traffic into a system. However the viruses can be classified according to their effect on system. Resident viruses: The viruses which reside into the memory of computer can interrupt the process of running a program. The effects of using resident viruses for hacking purpose are seen while executing programs. The viruses residing into RAM also impacts on the process of opening or reading files. File infectors: Hercheui (2012)stated that the operations of files are not only affected due to presence of memory resident viruses, but use of file infectors also restrict an user from accessing required files. Kizza, (2013) found that most of the viruses which are used for hacking falls in to the category of file infectors. Use of file infector enables a hacker to damage the functionality of any program while executing it. Direct action viruses: Direct action viruses have the ability of replicating themselves while being executed. Joe and Ramakrishan (2014) suggest that these viruses affect the files which are residing into the main directory of a computer. It observed that direct action viruses become operative during booting process. Boot viruses: Kizza, (2013) stated that use of boot viruses in hacking enables a hacker to damage the booting ability of a system. However Sverdlove (2014)opined that boot viruses can infect a system if it starts using an unknown disk drive. Overwrite viruses: Hacking techniques are not only used for stealing secret information it may be used for resulting information loss. Hackers can delete information contained in a file by using overwrite viruses. These viruses continue operating until the infected file is deleted. Macro viruses: Analysis on the current hacking trends indicates that the use of macro viruses is increasing. Use of macro virus impacts on the internet activities which are being conducted using the infected system. Joe and Ramakrishan (2014) state that use of macro virus results automatic execution of some processes. Use of macro viruses for hacking changes the browser settings or search settings of the infected system. Kizza, (2013) opines that the original search setting is impossible to be retrieved of a system is infected due to use of macro virus. However, Hercheui (2012) suggests that the chances of being affected by macro virus increase while downloading free programs such as computer games or free wall papers. Key Logging: Password stealing is one of the most common ways for gaining unauthorized access to a system .In case of business organizations user id or password loss can lead to loss of important data. Use of key logging techniques enables hackers for accessing information about the password. Hackers can use both software and hardware key logging systems for staking information regarding the password. However, (AS) states that use of software key loggers provides the hackers with more flexibility for installing and controlling the system. The hackers using software key logger get information on each stroke on the key board. Kizza, (2013) opined that the key logger software is able to identify the activities on key board and stores the information into software log. According to Sverdlove (2014), it is difficult to determine whether key logger software is present in a system is difficult as these programs execute at the backend. Hackers also prefer to use key logging software as it no t only can be installed quickly into a system, it does not reveal the identity of hacker also. Although the software key logger systems are used more, chance for losing secret information is high due to use of hardware key loggers also. Although the hardware key loggers can be installed using the USB port of system within negligible time, the hackers require accessing a computer physically for installing the device. Kramer (2012) opined that need of getting physical access to a software reduces the use of hardware key logger for hacking. Sniffing and spoofing: As the use of internet is increasing rapidly, the traditional hacking techniques are also changing. Although the use of online hacking methods such as spoofing and sniffing are comparatively new, the number of victims due to use of these hacking techniques are increasing. Use of sniffing provides the hacker with opportunity of accessing data which is being transmitted over a network. Kramer (2012) stated that snuffing can be used for monitoring important data over a network. However, sniffing can lead to loss of security if it is used by hackers. Kizza, (2013) suggested that the chance of being attacked by spoofing techniques is more among e-mail users. Hackers who are using spoofing methods send emails to internet users. In most of the cases receivers of these emails fail to distinguish between emails coming from authentic users and emails sent by hackers. If the emails sent for spoofing purposes are read, hackers can access control over the users system. Denial of service (DoS) attacks: Sverdlove (2014) stated that denial of service attacks are used for terminating functionality of a system by generating high traffic within it. Use of DoS attacks enables hackers for sending huge amount of data to the target machine from different computers. As huge amount of traffic is directed to a system by using denial of service attacks, it stops its required functions. Instead of executing intended operations, the infected system deals with the unnecessary data flow within it. According to Joe and Ramakrishan, (2014) DoS methods are also one of the emerging trends of hacking. Kizza, (2013) stated that use of DoS attacks can affect the functionality of a system for long term by terminating the internet services. Social engineering: Social engineering techniques can be implemented by using either manual efforts or computer based techniques (Jacobson, 2013). As stated by Hercheui (2012) machine based social engineering techniques include phishing, online scams and baiting. Chances of being victim of baiting are high among those users who use internet for downloading games of movies. Hackers use e-mail services for implementing phishing techniques (Joe and Ramakrishan, 2014). According to Kramer, (2012) the number of victims of online scam is increasing due to lack of awareness on safe practices of e-mail handling among users. 3. Hackers and their activities: Hackers can be classified as white hat hacker, grey hat hacker and black hat hackers on basis of their activities (Jacobson, 2013). Although the term hacking is used for indicating incidents on accessing a system without authorization, hackers also aim at finding bugs into a system (Joe and Ramakrishan, 2014). White hat hackers: As stated by Hercheui, (2012) hackers have the ability to modify computer systems. Although the functioning of white hat hackers is almost same with that of other hackers, white hat hackers aim at improving a system. White hat hackers access a system for finding its short comings (Zdziarski, 2012). Black hat hackers: Black hat hackers use their abilities of accessing computer systems for conducting criminal activities. Grey hat hackers: Grey hat hackers can use their abilities for either conducting criminal activities or examining a system. The hackers who do not use their abilities for personal profit can be referred as grey hat hackers (Sverdlove, 2014). 4. Reasons for hacking: Analysis on the recent trends of hacking activities indicates that most of the hacking activities are conducted for accessing secret information without authorization (Stallings, 2013). Often hackers aim at degrading the performance of a system instead of only accessing information. Hacking can also be used for assessing strength of a system (Michael, 2012). 5. Preventive measures taken by companies: Analysis on the hacking techniques which are being used currently indicates that the threat of losing confidential data is increasing due to evolution of traditional hacking techniques. Sverdlove (2014) stated that the incidents of important data loss can be prevented by increasing security of the system. Loss of confidential data not only causes huge financial loss for a business, it also impacts on the future activities of the organization in market. However the organizations can use protective measures such as antivirus and firewalls for preventing unauthorized users from accessing a system. Bradbury (2014) states that use of tools only does not makes the systems secured, users also require developing safe internet practices for avoiding private data loss. Use of firewalls: Use of internet is increasing for executing the tasks related with business. As a result, the organizations are facing difficulties for protecting data from unauthorized users. Use of firewall can enable the organizations to increase network securities. According to Hercheui, (2012) firewalls scan both the incoming as well as outgoing data while two networks are communicating. On basis of the scanning process, suspected actions are prevented. Sverdlove (2014) stated that firewalls follow some rules for controlling traffic in a network. As these rules can be set by network administrators, use of firewalls can enable organizations to prevent unwanted communications among networks. However, use of firewalls does not ensure that the system is completely protected. As the firewalls scans both incoming and outgoing traffic, it can prevent a system from communicating with other networks. Apart from this security of system also varies according to the nature of firewall. Ap plication firewalls check the content of each incoming and outgoing packets. Then these firewalls take decision whether a particular packet will be allowed to communicate with other networks or not. Although use of application firewall provides better security than using packet firewalls, often these firewalls restrict some specific sources from communicating. Apart from this, high cost of implementing firewalls also reduces its effectiveness. Use of antivirus: Although the incidents of online scams are increasing, hackers can access data due to presence of virus and worm into a computer. Presence of virus not only increase the chances of hacking but it also prevents the machines from executing normal functions. Use of antivirus not only increases security of the system but also makes it more efficient. However the antivirus requires being updated regularly for protecting new hacking methods. Often computers contain spyware or adware software. Although presence of such software does not increase security threats directly, presence of such programs can create pop-ups while a user is using internet. Kramer, (2012) states that speed of a computer reduces significantly due to presence of adware or spyware programs. According to Kizza (2013) strength of a system is an important factor for reducing the number of hacking attacks. It also indicates that presence of spyware or cookies reduces strength of a system and thus number of hacking attacks into such systems increases. Hercheui, (2012) opines that installation of anti-adware or anti-spyware programs in a computer reduces the number of unwanted software. Thus the strength of system increases and the process of protecting system from unauthorized access become easier. Hackers implement innovation in their existing techniques and thus the task of avoiding such activities become more difficult. It indicates that this anti- spyw are software require being updated regularly so that these programs can execute their tasks effectively. Using strong passwords: Use of strong passwords reduces the chance of hacking. Use of longer and complex passwords increases the number of possible combinations and thus it increases difficulty for guessing passwords. However the organizations also can implement two stage authentication policies to make their systems secure. Regularly updating OS and software: Most of the operating systems provide users with opportunities for implementing security techniques. As the natures of hacking techniques are being changed continuously, software manufacturers are also updating their products to reduce the number of bugs. Use of updated software strengthens the system and thus the system becomes more secured. According to Sverdlove (2014) use of updated operating system reduces the chance of being hacked by fixing potential security issues. Implementing safe internet practices: Although the availability of tools for preventing hacking attacks increased, the importance of using safe internet practices is also increasing. The organizations which require using internet services extensively, provides employees with guidelines for using internet safely. As the number of phishing attacks is increasing rapidly, employees are also provided with guidelines for safe e-mail handling practices (Kramer, 2012). The current trends of hacking activities indicate that often the hackers aim at deleting data instead of accessing it. Organizations require protecting their data by creating back up files. Creation of back up file reduces the chances of data loss even if a system is infected. Conclusion: Analysis on the hacking trends indicates that the hackers are using new techniques for accessing secured systems. Although the use of new techniques is increasing, risks caused by old hacking techniques are not reduced. Hacking attacks not only causes data loss for a system but also affect long term activities. However hacking attacks can be prevented by using firewall and antivirus programs. Awareness among users regarding safe practices for internet using can also reduce hacking attacks. References Bodhani, A. (2012). Bad... in a good way [ethical hacking]. Engineering Technology, 7(12), pp.64-68. Bradbury, D. (2014). Unveiling the dark web. Network Security, 2014(4), pp.14-17. Broad, J. and Bindner, A. (2014). Hacking with Kali. Waltham, MA: Elsevier Science. Finkbeiner, A. (2013). Researchers split over NSA hacking. Nature, 502(7470), pp.152-152. Hercheui, M. (2012). ICT critical infrastructures and society. Berlin: Springer. Jacobson, M. (2013). Applied cryptography and network security. Berlin: Springer. Joe, M. and Ramakrishan, B. (2014). Enhancing Security Module to Prevent Data Hacking in Online Social Networks. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 6(2). Kizza, J. (2013). Guide to computer network security. London: Springer. Kramer, J. (2012). Hacking the Kinect. [New York]: Apress. Lopez, J., Huang, X. and Sandhu, R. (2013). Network and system security. Berlin: Springer. Michael, K. (2012). Hacking: The Next Generation. Computers Security, 31(6), p.799. Stallings, W. (2013). Cryptography and network security. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Sverdlove, H. (2014). The Java vulnerability landscape. Network Security, 2014(4), pp.9-14. Zdziarski, J. (2012). Hacking and securing iOS applications. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media. Often computers contain spyware or adware software. Altho