Alternatives to Human-embryo Stem-cell Research Essay -- Argumentative

Options in contrast to Human-incipient organism Stem-cell Research   â This paper counters the media and numerous researchers' cases that there are no reasonable options in contrast to human-incipient organism immature microorganism research (ESCR).  The media rehash the case (made more than once in NIH records) that grown-up undifferentiated cells don't have a similar potential as early stage immature microorganisms, which in principle can shape any tissue. In any case, considers finished with grown-up undifferentiated organisms (examines which reflect the ones finished with undeveloped immature microorganisms) show that grown-up foundational microorganisms do have the ability to frame basically any tissue.  The most deceptive term which keeps on being utilized is pluripotent. Literally, this implies ready to shape most (however not all) tissues. This term keeps on being utilized inaccurately, basically to infer that human early stage undifferentiated organisms can shape every single human tissue aside from trophoblast tissue - this is a fundamental external layer of cells in the early undeveloped organism which permits it to embed into the uterine divider and supports early turn of events. The trophoblast is additionally the piece of the undeveloped organism expelled in its demolition to reap the inward early stage undifferentiated cells. The expression human pluripotent undifferentiated cells has been utilized to counter the subject of whether human early stage immature microorganisms in culture could really change a human incipient organism, inferring this is unimaginable. However in declaration before the Senate, at that point Director of the NIH, Harold Varmus, said that this chance was questionable, and that in certainty it is deceptive to endeavor such an analysis to decide if this was conceivable (Varmus). Enter the term pluripotent - if the early stage foundational microorganisms can't shape trophoblast, they can't frame an incipient organism. Mouse early stage immature microorganisms can't frame trophoblast tissue. Be that as it may, as expressed in Thomson... ... contesting that we are an individual even at the one-cell stage. It has never been adequate to forfeit one lot of human lives for the likely advantage of others (and they are just expected advantages now.) Human undeveloped undifferentiated cell research appoints various qualities to various individuals, assigning some as individuals and some as property.  It is absolutely UNNECESSARY. Moral choices exist, for example, grown-up immature microorganisms which have just demonstrated considerably more guarantee than undeveloped cells, these outcomes for grown-up undifferentiated organisms are completely itemized in the logical writing, and that grown-up foundational microorganisms are as of now being utilized clinically, following through on the potential that early stage undifferentiated organisms just guarantee.  WORKS CITED: Varmus, Harold. http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/statement.htm Thomson, Professor. http://www.erp.wisc.edu/workforce/thomson/

Charlottes Web, by E. B. White | Summary and Analysis

Charlottes Web, by E. B. White | Summary and Analysis Connections in Charlottes Web I decided to peruse Charlottes Web since it has consistently been one of my preferred stories. I quickly realized this would be the ideal story to expound on human and creature interrelationships. There are a wide range of connections between the individuals and the creatures all through this book. Alongside those connections, there are different interrelationships between the creatures too. I cherished perusing this book once more, and discovered it the ideal book for this kind of article. The story starts with a litter of pigs being conceived at the Arables ranch. There were an aggregate of eleven pigs, including the pipsqueak. Regularly, Mr. Arable executes the half-pint since it for the most part bites the dust at any rate. Nonetheless, Fern, the Arable little girl, turned out to be vexed when she heard her Papa was going to murder the infant pig. She asked and begged him until he at long last surrendered and disclosed to her that he would not murder the pipsqueak on the off chance that she dealt with it. Greenery was so blissful to have her own one of a kind child pig. She named her new pig Wilbur. Wilbur cherished Fern, and would follow her any place she went. After Wilbur was fourteen days old, he needed to live outside in a little wooden box under the apple tree. Plant would go outside regularly to take care of, walk, and play with Wilbur. The two of them truly cherished every others organization. Shockingly, when Wilbur was five weeks old, Fern needed to offer him to her Uncle Homer Zuckerman. The Zuckermans ranch was near Ferns house, so she could proceed to visit Wilbur at whatever point she satisfied. The homestead had ponies, bovines, geese, chickens, sheep, mutts, felines, and now Wilbur. Wilbur turned out to be exhausted on the homestead; he no longer got the opportunity to go on strolls or swims with Fern. He was constantly stuck in his little pig pen. One bright day, Wilbur was simply strolling around his pen conversing with himself about how exhausted he was, the point at which a goose caught. The goose disclosed to Wilbur that there was a board free on his pen and he could get out and do anything he desired. Since Wilbur was so exhausted he concluded that he might want to leave the pen and see whats out there. While strolling around the homestead with complete opportunity, Mrs. Zuckerman saw him. She shouted out to her better half and Lurvy, the recruited man to proceed to get him. News like this spread quick all through the homestead. All the creatures were discussing Wilburs opportunity. At that point Mr. Zuckerman, Lurvy, and the pooch encompassed Wilbur. All the creatures began hollering for Wilbur to flee. Notwithstanding, the sweet smell of incline before long came over Wilburs nose, and he was immediately baited once again into his pen. There is a ton of human and creature interrelationship in these initial three passages. Mr. Arable doesnt truly care about the pigs, he just uses them to bring in cash. He doesnt consider them to be genuine living things that have emotions quite recently like him. Be that as it may, his girl Fern makes a genuine association with Wilbur. She spares his life, and deals with him similarly as she would her own youngster. They become every others closest companion. On the off chance that Ferns isn't at school, she is with Wilbur. They do everything, and go wherever with one another. They become genuine sidekicks. Greenery likewise builds up a relationship with the remainder of the animals on the homestead. They all become more acquainted with her, and begin to confide in her. They permit her to sit in their pens and watch Wilbur. In the following three sections, numerous things occur at the Zuckerman ranch. Wilbur turns out to be extremely, forlorn. He had arranged his entire outing. He arranged when he would eat, when he would rest, and when it would simply stay there doing literally nothing. Sadly, when he arose every one of his arrangements vacated the premises because of the downpour. So he at that point requested that the goose play with him, yet she was perched on her eggs. Next he requested that a sheep play with him yet the sheep said no and called him not as much as nothing. Not even Templeton the rodent would remove time from his day to play with poor Wilbur. Wilbur then turned out to be incredibly discouraged, and began to sob. Directly before Wilbur was going to hit the hay he heard a little voice that stated, Do you need a companion, Wilbur? Sick be a companion to you (White 31). Hearing this energized Wilbur, yet he was confounded in light of the fact that he couldnt see where this little well disposed voice was originating from. The voice at that point advised Wilbur to rest, and that they will meet toward the beginning of the day. Wilbur did as he was told, and in the first part of the day he found his new companion was an arachnid named Charlotte A. Cavatica. From the start, Wilbur was nauseated by his new companion Charlotte. She gave him how she got her food in her web, and sucked out their blood. Wilbur didnt recognize what to think about her since he truly needed a companion, however he believed that what she did was barbarous. In these three parts there werent any human and creature interrelationships in light of the fact that there werent any people referenced. Be that as it may, there were a great deal of creature connections among Wilbur and different creatures. The goose doesnt even care much about Wilbur, and simply kind of considers him to be an interruption. The sheep state they consider pigs not as much as nothing, which is odd to me since what do the sheep do that make them that incredible? Hearing this equitable decimates poor Wilbur, as it would anybody. Wilbur then goes to Templeton who has no enthusiasm for Wilbur, just Wilburs food. In the wake of hearing that nobody thinks about him Wilbur turns out to be discouraged. He feels that he doesnt have any companions on the ranch, which makes him pitiful on the grounds that he was so used to having a companion constantly when he lived with Fern. At that point Charlotte comes into the image, yet Wilbur isnt so sure on the off chance that he truly n eeds to be her companion since she is so savage. In the following couple of parts Wilbur gets very pushed. One of the sheep reveals to him that the Zuckermans are simply filling him out to kill him at Christmas time. Normally, Wilbur blows a gasket and starts going around saying Save me, I dont need to die!(50). Charlotte caught the discussion between the sheep and Wilbur, and advised Wilbur to quiet down. Charlotte said that she would concoct an arrangement to spare Wilbur. The following morning Fern discloses to her family about the animals at the outbuilding. She reveals to her folks precisely what the creatures were stating, which infers that she can comprehend creature talk. Her mother gets concerned, and says she is going to call Ferns specialist. Plants father just passes over the entire discussion like it wasnt a serious deal. Later the following evening, Wilbur begins respecting Charlottes Web. He discloses to Charlotte that he figures he could manufacture a web simply like hers in the event that he needed to do as such. Charlotte realizes this is inconceivable and advises Wilbur to attempt. So Wilbur then trips to the highest point of the fertilizer heap, and bounces off trusting a string will come out of his butt and catch him. Normally, this doesn't occur, and Wilbur lands level all over in the ground. His next splendid thought is to tie a string that Templeton offered him to his tail, and afterward attempt something very similar once more. Much the same as the main endeavor, this one bombed as well. Wilbur at last surrenders, and everybody including Fern snickers at him. Charlotte at that point perks him up, and advises him to simply rests and unwind. Inevitably of quiet, Wilbur asks Charlotte how she anticipates sparing him from being Christmas supper. Charlotte says she has not completely thought of the arrangement yet, however she will consider one that will work. Wilbur is still inquisitive of how this is going to function, and continues asking Charlotte numerous inquiries. At last, Charlotte advises him not to stress, and just to do as hes told. She at that point advises him to eat well, remain solid, and to get a ton of rest. Wilbur does as he is told, and nods off. In these last three passages, the principal human and creature interrelationship is between the Zuckermans and Wilbur. The Zuckermans simply observe Wilbur as a Christmas supper. The explanation they feed him and deal with him isn't on the grounds that they really care about him; it is on the grounds that they need a pleasant, enormous Christmas supper. To me, this is so miserable. I dont realize how individuals could raise a pig and afterward simply slaughter it and eat it! I realize this is the thing that occurs, in actuality, and it is the means by which everybody gets their bacon and ham, however it is simply so pitiful to me. The other human and animal interrelationship is among Fern and all the animals on the ranch. Greenery can comprehend the creatures when they converse with each other. She comprehends what every one of them are stating, yet I dont think the creatures realize she has this extraordinary blessing. Greeneries mother just thinks she is going insane, however Ferns father just brushes it off like its nothing. I think this is presumably one of the most significant human and creature interrelationships all through the story. During the following three sections numerous occasions happen. To begin with, Charlotte makes sense of a way that she can fool the Zuckermans into not executing Wilbur. In any case, she realizes she needs to work quick on the grounds that there isnt a ton of time. That day, Fern and Avery come down to the Zuckermans house for some blueberry pie. Avery carries a frog with him, which causes a catastrophe in the Zuckermans house. After the frog occurrence both of them choose to go swing on the rope in the Zuckermans horse shelter. After they became weary of swinging they proceeded to pick a few raspberries. While doing this, Avery found a little treats box to place his frog in. Plant at that point needs to proceed to visit Wilbur, so the two of them stroll over to the pig pen. Avery finds Charlotte and her web. He at that point attempts to take Charlotte out of her web and execute her. Fortunately, Avery stumbled and happened to break Templetons spoiled egg. The sickening smell baits Av ery and Fern away from the pig pen, and Charlotte. The following day was extremely foggy, which made it simpler to see Charlottes web. At the point when everybody got up they found that Charlotte had composed the words some pig, in her web. The Zuckermans were so alarmed by this message, and began accept they really had an astonishing pig. Mr. Zuckerman then proceeded to tell a kindred minister, who of coarse told the entire town. By the following day individuals were arranged before Wilburs pen to see him, just as Charlottes web. With

Music and brain function free essay sample

The world is loaded up with music. We hear it out in our rooms, our vehicles, in the exercise center, and practically anyplace were we can connect our earphones. There are a wide range of music classifications, in any case. What's more, It has as of late been appeared to have a staggering measure of control over our bodies. Fix Brain Damage Music Is ready to take stroke, injury or other mind harmed patients who have lost the incomplete capacity to see or talk and return It to them. The Kenny Rogers Effect takes patients with visual disregard, the powerlessness to perceive half of what they see, and helps the impacts of the damage.Patients with left-side mind harm who can no longer talk can discover they can sing words, frequently without inconvenience or preparing. From that point forward, its Just a short time before theyre ready to talk straightforward sentences with some training. We will compose a custom article test on Music and cerebrum work or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page How Can it Work? Melodic pitch treatment, or singing until you can talk, exploits the way that language capacities are situated in the left cerebrum, however music lives over on the correct side of the mind. Along these lines, when you lose your capacity to talk, you can prepare your mind to move those capacities to the opposite side by partner music with language.Listening o music you appreciate has an extra impact, since pleasurable music discharges dopamine that just makes certain pieces of your cerebrum work better (especially If they were harmed previously). Kick an Addiction things being what they are, performing music can be unwinding and can make an interruption from withdrawal side effects; songwriting can assist patients with standing up to drive control and self-trickiness and permits a yield for negative feelings It has even been discovered that tuning in to music can help the disentangle phase of recuperation from illicit drug use, and whenever applied every now and again could eliminate the quantity of agony executioners patients need.How Does it Work? Music legitimately influences synthetic concoctions called synapses, which transfer data in our mind. Medications work alon g these lines, with the exception of they make your cerebrum apathetic and persuade it to quit making its own synthetic compounds. Be that as it may, when you quit ingesting medications, your mind isnt making enough synthetic concoctions and it doesnt know why since it depends on those medications to get enough, so your body neglects to work effectively. Presenting music can expand levels of certain synthetic compounds related with substantial addictions, similar to dopamine and rudeness. What's more, certain music brings down things like pulse, circulatory strain, muscle pressure, and so forth. Lift Your Immune System Music may help support your Immune framework. Ongoing investigations have demonstrated that elusive plinking clamors can make a perceptible increment in recuperation from a wide virus. While the field of study is as yet youthful contrasted with genuine medication like pharmaceuticals things being what they are, here and there all you have to defeat your awfully disease is some music. Music lessens worry by decreasing cortical levels, a concoction in your cerebrum that causes {oh to feel worry in the first place.Jazz, country and delicate stone have been seen as particularly powerful at diminishing pressure and expanding wellbeing as a result of their comparable melodic characteristics. In the event that youre thinking about whether your preferred music is helping your wellbeing, a great inquiry to pose is, Does this music make me need to revolt? In the event that you addressed indeed, at that point its presumably not an ideal medication. Notwithstanding just bringing down feelings of anxiety, music additionally brings safe markers up in your framework, making more antibodies to battle disease.This impact is exacerbating: Over time, the body can figure out how to perceive specific kinds of music (especially ensemble or traditional music) as Immune boosting, proceeding with the improvement of the insusceptible framework. Forestall Seizures news: If youre not one a little % to get seizures from music, you might be one of he more fortunate ones who profit by diminished seizure movement because of tuning in to music. This impact has even been seen in trance like state patients. Its been indicated that music by Mozart played on the piano diminishes seizure-causing action in the mind Nothing five minutes of presentation, with numerous cases demonstrating quick results.Experimentation with different types of music has been negligible, however for reasons unknown there gives off an impression of being an association between o ur cerebrums and piano music. How Does it Nor? Its guessed that the super association of the cerebral cortex . .. May reverberate Ninth the predominant design of Mozart music Scientists truly havent made sense of it yet. Be that as it may, it has appeared to help now and again. Return Lost Memories If you have Listeners music could assist you with recalling bits of your past.Medical specialists have discovered that music demonstrates the possibility to uncover recollections related with music for patients, even ones in late phases of dementia. How Can it Listening to music draws in numerous regions of the mind in the two sides of the equator, which is the reason it can make cerebrum action different strategies, similar to discussion, cant. Another region it draws in is the hippopotamus, which handles long haul memory stockpiling. At the point when you tune in to music you know, sentiments related with the tune are returned by the hippopotamus. Some of the time the recollections even figure out how to join the significant feelings.Even if recollections arent recouped, feelings and perspectives are, giggle and chime in with old melodies that they love. Increment Spatial Reasoning If just there were some approach to cause yourself to appear to be more brilliant without working. Goodness, Anita, there is. Mozart music, particularly piano music, can raise your spatial thinking what might be compared to nine IQ focuses. Also, that is a normal, which means there are a few people who get considerably even more a lift from it. How Can it Work? There are a ton of speculations, however some case that Mozart music centers the audience more. Others state it expands action in vital areas of the brain.No one truly knows why it works Cure Parkinson At this point, you might be asking, Sure, music can fix my mind, yet would it be able to fix my body? On the off chance that you have Parkinson illness, music Just may have the option to help. Casualties of Parkinson experience the ill effects of muscle fits, locking muscles, and parity issues. Notably, applying music can quickly resolve the physical issues of Parkinson in numerous casualties. Take Range Seedling, who was determined to have Parkinson in 2003 and hill she had muscle fits, balance issues and trouble strolling. The infection in the long run prompted a genuine fall in the shower.Things were looking truly inauspicious until one day she discovered she could tune in to music and abruptly have the option to move effortlessly, the sort of music deciding the speed she strolls at. We Are the Champions let her walk a moderate clasp and Born in the USA made her move even quicker. En youre secured your room, tuning in to your old Ann.s CDC, have you at any point seen your foot tapping all alone? That is not Just in light of the fact that you have horrible preference for music. This is on the grounds that the segments of the cerebrum which manage cadence and passionate are computerized to the point that it requires no cognizant thoughtfulness regarding move to a beat.

The Law Of Evidence - Free Essay Example

Smooth muscle is one of three muscle fiber types found in animals. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are not striated, and have single nuclei. Smooth muscles are typically under control of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Smooth muscle contracts slowly, and does not exhibit the characteristic twitch seen in skeletal muscle. In addition, smooth muscle is not prone to muscle fatigue, making it an ideal component of sphincter muscles. Smooth muscle is found in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, and is responsible for peristaltic movements. Smooth muscle contractions are affected by calcium and potassium ions. Calcium ion influx into the smooth muscle cell initiates a contraction. Potassium ion concentration in the extra cellular medium affects the resting membrane potential of the cell, bringing it closer to or farther away from its threshold voltage. Neurotransmitters affect different types of smooth muscle differently, depending on the association of the smooth muscle with excitable cells. In general, acetylcholine increases the muscle cells permeability to calcium, while epinephrine decreases the cells permeability to calcium. Introduction and aim of the experiment The following report was to test a smooth muscle which was collected from the intestine of a rabbit. The main of this experiment was to see how the surrounding environment of the muscle could affect how muscle contracted. The experiment consisted of different environments and the muscle was monitored and results were recorded of the amplitude and the frequency of the wavelengths. The levels of muscle contractions and relaxations were measured using a transducer, a D.C amplifier, and a laboratory computer. Overview of experiment The smooth muscle was a small part of the intestine which was prepared correctly by trimming off the attached mesentery and fat. This experiment only required one piece of this smooth muscle and this was then placed into a beaker which was aerated and fed Ringer-Locke solution this is an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues. The experiment only required one piece of small intes tine, which had the length of 2-3 cm long. The intestine was held in place with a tissue holder, and was attached to the transducer via a piece of string. The transducer detected contractions and relaxation of the muscle, and via the D.C amplifier showed on the computer the frequency and strength of the contractions and relaxations. The solution that the muscle was placed in was kept at the temperature of 37 Celsius apart from when the environment condition changed was the temperature. This type of setup is known as in vivo preparation. This preparation of the smooth intestine allows a precise control of the environmental conditions. Brief description of test carried out The test which was carried out had six parts to it. The first part of the experiment was to gain initial control of the muscle this was done by having optimum conditions for the smooth muscle so it could achieve a steady rate of contraction and relaxation. This was achieved by adding Ringer-Locke solution and keeping it aerated. By having this set up it allowed the muscle environment to be very closely met to the ideal body environment where the muscle would have a good contraction and relaxation rate. The muscle was left in this preparation until the readings on the computer were constant (about 4 minutes) the initial control was labelled using the comment bar. The next environment was non-aerated this meant to turn the air supply off which was coming to the bath where the muscle was held. Then the Ringer-Locke solution was removed from the bath and fresh Ringer-Locke solution was then placed into the bath. The reason for removing the old solution was to prevent any inaccurate readings as the solution could still have contained oxygen which would have affected the results. This part of the test was recorded after every 5, 10, 15 minutes and the results where inserted into a table. The main purpose of using this environment was to see what the muscle contractions and relaxations are when there is a lack of oxygen. This part of the experiment was again labelled on the comment bar. The next part of the experiment was to remove the Ringer-Locke solution and replace it with 50ml of glucose free solution and again results were recorded after every 5 ,10, 15 minutes and recorded into a table. The fourth different environment was change in temperature. The Ringer-Locke solution of 37 Celsius was replaced with a Ringer-Locke solution that was cooled to 4 Celsius. The purpose of this environment was to test the muscle activity in a cold environment and to analyse the effects. The fifth environment involved the use of calcium free solution this replaced the Ringer-Locke solution. This was analysed for 5 minutes to see how the muscle activity was affected. The final environment was to do with changes in the pH. The pH was changed from pH7 which is neutral to a different pH. The solution with different pH was prepared before hand and the purpose of this environment was to see what effect a pH change would have on the muscle activity. After each part of the experiment initial control was established before moving on to the next part the reason for this being to keep the muscle running properly before each part of the experiment and to cause less damage to the smooth muscle. Also each part of the experiment was labelled on the comment bar this was done to show each different part clearly so it was not confused. (Clear methods are shown in the printouts) Results table for my experiment Firstly the results achieved ere done by looking at the different graphs and to work out the amplitude for the graph the following was done: Example (Graph not related to report) To work out the amplitude of the graph recording two figures were recorded one being the peak of the wave and the other being the lowest part of the wave To work out the frequency for each part of the experiment the amount of waves were recorded in a minute time period. The frequency in this case was how many times the muscles contracted and relaxed in a minutes. The amplitude was the strength of each contraction and relaxing of the muscle. The maximum and minimum amplitudes were collected for each environment and recorded; the amplitude chosen was picked at random as well as the minute where the frequency of waves was calculated. These are results are shown in the table below: Environments Frequency per Minute (min-1) Amplitude 1 Amplitude 2 Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Initial control 15 2.10 0.78 1.96 0.65 Non aerated 5 Mins 13 1.94 0.47 1.89 0.38 Non aerated 10 Mins 17 1.53 0.36 1.51 0.38 Non aerated 15 Mins 16 1.58 0.38 1.54 0.36 Lack of glucose 5 mins 17 1.34 0.47 1.49 0.41 Lack of glucose 10 mins 17 1. 51 0.43 1.52 0.45 Lack of glucose 15 mins 17 1.37 0.45 1.43 0.46 Cold ringer solution 5 Mins 14 1.76 0.44 1.73 0.51 Calcium Lack 5 Mins 12 1.15 0.63 .95 0.47 Change of pH Flat No waves Discussion of results Firstly a diagram of the intestine is needed to show how it works and what different types of cells it contains. This is needed as it will help to understand why the muscle behaved differently when tested with six different environments. A diagram of the small intestine is shown below; The small intestine contains the 4 basic layers which are serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. Small intestine wall is composed of the same four layers that make up most of the gastrointestinal tract: serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. The mucosa is composed of a layer of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The epithelial layer of the small intestinal musoca consists of simple columnar epithelium that contains many types of cells. Some of these are the following: Enetrocytes these help with the transport of substances from lumen of the intestine to the circulatory system, synthesis of the glycoprotein enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption. Gob let cells these are unicellular mucin also known as secreting glands. Paneth cells these are located at the bottom of the intestinal glands. Their main function is their secretion of granules which contain lysozyme this enzyme helps breakdown bacteria also known as phagocytosis. Paneth cells may have a role in regulating the microbial population in the small intestine. Enteroendocrine cells these are mostly found again in the lower parts of the intestinal gland known as the crypt. The main function of these cells is to release several hormones. The main one beings cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide these help increase pancreatic and gallbladder activity. Intermediate cells these are young enterocytes and goblet cell which are able to withstand cell division. Apart from the smooth muscle many other cells and vessels make up the intestine. The small intestine also contains submucosal artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, submucosal plexus, circular l ayer of smooth muscle, and myenteric plexus. All these tissues, cells, and vessel combine to make the small intestine wall. The smooth muscle in the control environment was able to obtain a steady frequency through out its 4 minute period with 15 waves per minute. The waves which were seen were the smooth muscle contracting and relaxing. The amplitude levels of the waves were both quite high showing strong contractions rate the reason for this was that the environment set was to ideal conditions where the muscle could perform its best. It had a max amplitude of 2.10 and min amplitude of 0.78 which shows that having ideal conditions the muscle is able to behave normally without any problems. The effect of oxygen lack of the smooth muscle cause the small intestine to increase the frequency, at 5 minutes no aerated the frequency had first dropped to 13 and after 15 minutes the frequency of contraction and relaxations had increased to 17 the reason or this being without oxygen the smooth muscles started to have spasms as it was unable to contract properly without the oxygen supply needed. Also the amplitude levels decreased quite quickly from 1.94 (max) and 0.47(min) at 5 minutes to 1.58(max) and 0.38 (min) at 15 minutes. The reason for this was that without oxygen the muscle was unable to make the energy needed for strong contractions as the peak is lowered as can be seen on the traces. This was detected by the pull on the string that was attached to the transducer; the pull was not as strong so this was recorded on the traces. So without oxygen the muscle cells are still able to make ATP but a small amount. Only about 2 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in glycolysis. If there is no oxygen present, the Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ used in glycolysis. This is known as anaerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration generates only two ATPs, and lactic acid is produced. Most lactic acid diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream and is subsequently absorbed by the liver. Some of the lactic acid remains in the muscle fibers, where it contributes to muscle fatigue. Because both the liver and muscle fibers must convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when oxygen becomes available, anaerobic respiration is said to produce oxygen debt The next part of the experiment was to test how the muscle activity differed when placed in glucose free solution. From this part of the test the frequency of muscle activity stayed consistent throughout the 15 minutes. The traces show consistent movement and also the amplitudes levels differed as at 5 minutes (1.34) the maximum amplitude was low then at 10 minutes (1.51) it wet higher and at 15 minutes (1.37) it decreased again to a similar figure which was at 5 minutes. By looking at this result the results are not as accurate as they should have been, meaning they may have been some kind of inaccuracy when following the method as without glu cose, ATP can not be made and the amplitude of the waves should have been lower. ATP can be made from glucose which is stored in the carbohydrate glycogen. Through the metabolic process of glycogenolysis, glycogen is broken down to release glucose. ATP is then generated from glucose by cellular respiration. Also ATP can be produced from glucose and fatty acids obtained from the bloodstream. When energy requirements are high, glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and fatty acids from fat stored in adipose cells and the liver are released into the bloodstream. Glucose and fatty acids are then absorbed from the bloodstream by muscle cells. ATP is then generated from these energy-rich molecules by cellular respiration. Without glucose the frequecny should hve increased but the amplitudes levels should have decreased as there was not a sufficient energy source which could supply the muscle so it could contract and relax. The next part of the experiment consisted of placing the smooth muscle into a cooled solution of 4 Celsius from a change of 37 Celsius. There was not much change to the frequency but it did drop a little bit due to the muscle not being used to these environmental conditions. The amplitude differed from the control readings as they had decreased but were still quite high as they had the nutrients in the solutions which helped them to contract. If this experiment was left to carry on then there would be further change as the solution would gradually heat up to room temperature and this would mean that the smooth muscle activity would increase. Calcium plays a big part in all muscle contraction as well as smooth muscle contraction which is different as it does not contain troponin. In smooth muscles calcium ions enter from outside the cell. They then bind to an enzyme complex on myosin; this then breaks up ATP into ADP and then transfers the Pi directly into myosin. By doing this it allows the myosin to activate and from cross ridges with actin. When the calcium is pumped out of the cell, the Pi gets removed from myosin by an enzyme this allows the myosin to become inactive and the smooth muscle is able to relax. This process is also known as myosin regulated contraction. In the experiment where calcium free solution was added it affected the smooth muscle immensely as the frequency of contracting and relaxing dropped to 12. Also the amplitude levels came down as the contractions and relaxations levels were not strong the max being 0.95 and the minimum being 0.47 if this was left for a longer period of time the frequency levels may have dropped more. Without calcium entering the cell the smooth muscle is unable to do the process which is described above. While making the Ringer-Locke solution it is not only the calcium ions which are important to the smooth muscles. Some others are potassium chloride and sodium chloride, the reason these ions are needed because it helps to portray an environment such as the body with ideal conditions. If only distilled water was used it would mean the cells in the muscles would up take the water and blow up. So these ions are used so they are able to keep a concentration gradient and allow everything to work correctly as it would in the smooth muscles natural environment. The final environment was the change in pH levels. The results showed that the muscle had stopped functioning and there was no reading on the traces. This meant that there was no muscle contraction or relaxing. The reason for this was the muscle had broken down the reason for this muscle fatigue was that the low pH had affected the smooth muscle as it was unable to perform in this type of environment. Also as the low pH solution was there for a certain period of time the muscle was unable to remove it and therefore caused the muscle to breakdown. The low pH may have affected the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may lead to the interfere of the intercellular calcium concentrations, this can lead to long term physical muscle damage as muscle fibers are affected. While preparing the isolated smooth muscle many precautions are taken so the muscle can avoid excessive pH changes. One of these precautions which are taken is to make sure that before inserting the small intestine into the bath. The solution will need to be tested with pH indicator test strips which will give a fairly accurate reading of the solution which the smooth muscle will be placed. This is very important as if the pH is incorrect it will mean that the smooth muscle will not perform to its full potential meaning the results achieved will be inaccurate. To gain accurate results all solutions which are used will need to be checked to see if they are the correct pH by using the ph indicating strips. After this test the smooth muscle was unable to reach the control again as the muscle had broken down. If this experiment was done again at room temperature the results would differ as the performance of t he muscle would decrease. This is because the optimum temperature inside the body is around 37 Celsius and this temperature allows the muscle to work at an optimum rate. The lower temperature will mean that muscle contraction will be slower as there will be an effect on enzyme reactions as the more heat there is the more kinetic energy there is this will mean that the muscle activity will be good. If acetylcholine was added to the solution bath of the smooth muscle the membrane potential would decrease and the frequency of waves would increase. The muscle will become more active, with an increase in tonic tension and the number of rhythmic contractions. The effect is mediated by enzymes which increases the intracellular Calcium concentration. Another substance which could have been added was adrenaline. Adrenaline allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. This means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at el evated levels. Adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the bodys fuel source (glycogen) into its fuel (glucose). This carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. Skeletal and smooth muscle muscles differences in structure and function There are many differences between the two types of muscles the differences are stated below: Snmooth muscles Skeletal muscle A smooth muscle fiber has no T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a loose network throughout the sarcoplasm. Are long cyrindrical cells that contain many nuclei Smooth muscle tissue has no myofibrils or sarcomeres They are striated this shows their precise alignments of their myofilaments. This tissue also has no striations and is called nonstriated muscle. Thick filaments consist of myosin as thin filaments consist mostly of actin. Thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm of a smooth muscle cell Each independent cell is stimulated by a motor neurone. Adjacent smooth muscle cells are bound together at dense bodies, transmitting the contractile forces from cell to cell throughout the tissue. Connective endomysium seprates cell Function Differences Smooth muscles cells are an involuntary action and can work slower so they do not have muscle fatigue. Skeletal Muscle contains both Fast Slow Twitch muscle fibers, that allow for a faster reaction where needed, and the opposite is true for the Slow as well Smooth muscle lines your arteries and airways and serves to contract or relax to help control blood pressure. skeletal muscles function almost continuously to maintain your posture making one tiny adjustment after another to keep your body upright They are also present in the iris of the eye to control the size of the pupil in response to light. By the use of the radial and circular muscle. Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are directly attached to your skin They line the GI tract to move foodthrough the intestines. This is done by peristalsis. Skeletal muscle generates heat as a by-pr oduct of muscle activity. This heat is vital for maintaining your normal body temperature.

Mexican American Relations Improved Since The Industrial Age

IWA-Mexican American Relations Question: How have Mexican-American relations improved since the industrial age and is it sufficient enough for a functional relationship between cultures? Introduction/Historical Perspective After Mexico gained its independence from Spain, one of its biggest goals was for regional autonomy-politically, socially, and economically. However, its problem at the beginning of its independence in 1821 was that over 60% of its population consisted of indigenous people, all of which would integrate poorly into the influence of the Industrial Revolution. Additionally, after the U.S. Mexican War 1846-1848 (â€Å"Mexican-American War†) Mexico lost over 55% of its national territory. The Mexican-American War was the one of the most significant events of the beginnings of Mexican-American relations, and is commonly referred to as the â€Å"original sin† between the two nations. The conquering of Mexico’s territory was driven by American imperialism and the expanist views during the presidency of Polk. The increased presence of Mexicans in the United States then began as this new territory they lived on was now United States territory. However, during the railroad boom, the U.S. helped to invest with 60% of the U.S.’s total investments in Mexico being in railroads and the others into mining, ranching, and industry, etc. While Mexico was doing better as a country economically, the U.S. controlled most of their significant industries. Mexico allying with the U.S inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Historical Trends at American Colleges and Universities1515 Words   |  7 Pages Historical Trends at American Colleges and Universities The colonial colleges were among the first colleges created and were established under religious auspices. It was believed that an educated ministry was needed to establish Christianity in the New World. 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Tennessee v. Garner 1985 Essay - 802 Words

Name: Tennessee v. Garner Citation: No. 83-1035, 83-1070 (1985) Facts: On October 3, 1974, Memphis Police Officers Hymon and Wright were dispatched to answer a â€Å"prowler inside call.† When the police arrived at the scene, a neighbor gestured to the house where she had heard glass breaking and that someone was breaking into the house. While one of the officer radioed that they were on the scene, the other officer went to the rear of the house hearing a door slam and saw someone run across the backyard. The suspect, Edward Garner stopped at a 6-feet-high fence at the edge of the yard and proceeded to climb the fence as the police officer called out â€Å"police, halt.† The police officer figured that if Garner made it over†¦show more content†¦Procedure: Garner’s father brought the action the police officer took in the Federal District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, looking for violations that were made of Garner’s constitutional rights. The complaint was alleged that the shooting of Garner violated the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. After a three day trial, the District Court entered judgement for all defendants. It dismissed the claims against the defendants as being the mayor and Officer Hymon and the Police Department as being the director for lack of evidence. Hymon’s actions were then concluded to being constitutional by being under the Tennessee statute. The Court of Appeals affirmed with regard to Hymon, finding that he had acted accordingly to the Tennessee statute. The Court of Appeals then reversed and remanded. It reasoned that the killing of a fleeing suspect is â€Å"seizure† under the Fourth Amendment, and is therefore constitutional only if actions are reasonable. In this case the actions were found not to be reasonable. 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Information Systems Management The Term Hacking

Questions: Discuss the following points..1. Online security and hacking2. Techniques used by hackers3. Hackers and their activities4. Reasons for hacking5. Preventive measures taken by companies Answers: Introduction: The term hacking is often misinterpreted. Sverdlove (2014) stated that the incident of using a system in unpredictable or unintended way can be considered as hacking. Bodhani, (2012) suggested that use of hacking is effective for finding the shortcomings of a system. Although hacking can be used for assessing a system, the term mainly stands for breach of security in a system. However, recently use of hacking is increasing for accessing a system without authorization. Bradbury (2014) opined that gaining unauthorized access to a system can be considered as cracking. As the use of internet increased in past few years , incidents of hacking also increased. Currently users of internet services face severe challenges for protecting their information from hackers. Although the traditional hacking techniques are changed significantly, incidents regarding security loss due to use of conventional hacking methods has not been reduced. However evolution in hacking techniques makes the process o f protecting information more difficult. In this essay, both the traditional and modern hacking techniques are discussed. The essay also contains analysis on hacking purposes and preventive measures of hacking. 1. Online security and hacking: Figure 1: Hacking process (Source: Broad and Bindner, 2014,pp. 67) With the increase in internet services, incidents of hacking are also increasing. The hackers at the first stage scan the computers which are connected using internet. Hackers use several methods such as using credentials for getting access to a computer. Once the hackers get access to the computer they modify the data. Analysis on the hacking process indicates that the chances of being hacked are more for the computers which are connected using internet. 2. Techniques used by hackers: Viruses: Hacking attacks using viruses affect the functionality of a system. Finkbeiner, (2013) stated that that viruses are special programs which can replicate themselves. According to Broad and Bindner (2014) viruses have abilities to attach themselves with other programs or machine. Whenever the infected program or machine runs, virus is replicated and attached with new programs. Sverdlove (2014) opined that use of virus in hacking cause flow of unwanted traffic into a system. However the viruses can be classified according to their effect on system. Resident viruses: The viruses which reside into the memory of computer can interrupt the process of running a program. The effects of using resident viruses for hacking purpose are seen while executing programs. The viruses residing into RAM also impacts on the process of opening or reading files. File infectors: Hercheui (2012)stated that the operations of files are not only affected due to presence of memory resident viruses, but use of file infectors also restrict an user from accessing required files. Kizza, (2013) found that most of the viruses which are used for hacking falls in to the category of file infectors. Use of file infector enables a hacker to damage the functionality of any program while executing it. Direct action viruses: Direct action viruses have the ability of replicating themselves while being executed. Joe and Ramakrishan (2014) suggest that these viruses affect the files which are residing into the main directory of a computer. It observed that direct action viruses become operative during booting process. Boot viruses: Kizza, (2013) stated that use of boot viruses in hacking enables a hacker to damage the booting ability of a system. However Sverdlove (2014)opined that boot viruses can infect a system if it starts using an unknown disk drive. Overwrite viruses: Hacking techniques are not only used for stealing secret information it may be used for resulting information loss. Hackers can delete information contained in a file by using overwrite viruses. These viruses continue operating until the infected file is deleted. Macro viruses: Analysis on the current hacking trends indicates that the use of macro viruses is increasing. Use of macro virus impacts on the internet activities which are being conducted using the infected system. Joe and Ramakrishan (2014) state that use of macro virus results automatic execution of some processes. Use of macro viruses for hacking changes the browser settings or search settings of the infected system. Kizza, (2013) opines that the original search setting is impossible to be retrieved of a system is infected due to use of macro virus. However, Hercheui (2012) suggests that the chances of being affected by macro virus increase while downloading free programs such as computer games or free wall papers. Key Logging: Password stealing is one of the most common ways for gaining unauthorized access to a system .In case of business organizations user id or password loss can lead to loss of important data. Use of key logging techniques enables hackers for accessing information about the password. Hackers can use both software and hardware key logging systems for staking information regarding the password. However, (AS) states that use of software key loggers provides the hackers with more flexibility for installing and controlling the system. The hackers using software key logger get information on each stroke on the key board. Kizza, (2013) opined that the key logger software is able to identify the activities on key board and stores the information into software log. According to Sverdlove (2014), it is difficult to determine whether key logger software is present in a system is difficult as these programs execute at the backend. Hackers also prefer to use key logging software as it no t only can be installed quickly into a system, it does not reveal the identity of hacker also. Although the software key logger systems are used more, chance for losing secret information is high due to use of hardware key loggers also. Although the hardware key loggers can be installed using the USB port of system within negligible time, the hackers require accessing a computer physically for installing the device. Kramer (2012) opined that need of getting physical access to a software reduces the use of hardware key logger for hacking. Sniffing and spoofing: As the use of internet is increasing rapidly, the traditional hacking techniques are also changing. Although the use of online hacking methods such as spoofing and sniffing are comparatively new, the number of victims due to use of these hacking techniques are increasing. Use of sniffing provides the hacker with opportunity of accessing data which is being transmitted over a network. Kramer (2012) stated that snuffing can be used for monitoring important data over a network. However, sniffing can lead to loss of security if it is used by hackers. Kizza, (2013) suggested that the chance of being attacked by spoofing techniques is more among e-mail users. Hackers who are using spoofing methods send emails to internet users. In most of the cases receivers of these emails fail to distinguish between emails coming from authentic users and emails sent by hackers. If the emails sent for spoofing purposes are read, hackers can access control over the users system. Denial of service (DoS) attacks: Sverdlove (2014) stated that denial of service attacks are used for terminating functionality of a system by generating high traffic within it. Use of DoS attacks enables hackers for sending huge amount of data to the target machine from different computers. As huge amount of traffic is directed to a system by using denial of service attacks, it stops its required functions. Instead of executing intended operations, the infected system deals with the unnecessary data flow within it. According to Joe and Ramakrishan, (2014) DoS methods are also one of the emerging trends of hacking. Kizza, (2013) stated that use of DoS attacks can affect the functionality of a system for long term by terminating the internet services. Social engineering: Social engineering techniques can be implemented by using either manual efforts or computer based techniques (Jacobson, 2013). As stated by Hercheui (2012) machine based social engineering techniques include phishing, online scams and baiting. Chances of being victim of baiting are high among those users who use internet for downloading games of movies. Hackers use e-mail services for implementing phishing techniques (Joe and Ramakrishan, 2014). According to Kramer, (2012) the number of victims of online scam is increasing due to lack of awareness on safe practices of e-mail handling among users. 3. Hackers and their activities: Hackers can be classified as white hat hacker, grey hat hacker and black hat hackers on basis of their activities (Jacobson, 2013). Although the term hacking is used for indicating incidents on accessing a system without authorization, hackers also aim at finding bugs into a system (Joe and Ramakrishan, 2014). White hat hackers: As stated by Hercheui, (2012) hackers have the ability to modify computer systems. Although the functioning of white hat hackers is almost same with that of other hackers, white hat hackers aim at improving a system. White hat hackers access a system for finding its short comings (Zdziarski, 2012). Black hat hackers: Black hat hackers use their abilities of accessing computer systems for conducting criminal activities. Grey hat hackers: Grey hat hackers can use their abilities for either conducting criminal activities or examining a system. The hackers who do not use their abilities for personal profit can be referred as grey hat hackers (Sverdlove, 2014). 4. Reasons for hacking: Analysis on the recent trends of hacking activities indicates that most of the hacking activities are conducted for accessing secret information without authorization (Stallings, 2013). Often hackers aim at degrading the performance of a system instead of only accessing information. Hacking can also be used for assessing strength of a system (Michael, 2012). 5. Preventive measures taken by companies: Analysis on the hacking techniques which are being used currently indicates that the threat of losing confidential data is increasing due to evolution of traditional hacking techniques. Sverdlove (2014) stated that the incidents of important data loss can be prevented by increasing security of the system. Loss of confidential data not only causes huge financial loss for a business, it also impacts on the future activities of the organization in market. However the organizations can use protective measures such as antivirus and firewalls for preventing unauthorized users from accessing a system. Bradbury (2014) states that use of tools only does not makes the systems secured, users also require developing safe internet practices for avoiding private data loss. Use of firewalls: Use of internet is increasing for executing the tasks related with business. As a result, the organizations are facing difficulties for protecting data from unauthorized users. Use of firewall can enable the organizations to increase network securities. According to Hercheui, (2012) firewalls scan both the incoming as well as outgoing data while two networks are communicating. On basis of the scanning process, suspected actions are prevented. Sverdlove (2014) stated that firewalls follow some rules for controlling traffic in a network. As these rules can be set by network administrators, use of firewalls can enable organizations to prevent unwanted communications among networks. However, use of firewalls does not ensure that the system is completely protected. As the firewalls scans both incoming and outgoing traffic, it can prevent a system from communicating with other networks. Apart from this security of system also varies according to the nature of firewall. Ap plication firewalls check the content of each incoming and outgoing packets. Then these firewalls take decision whether a particular packet will be allowed to communicate with other networks or not. Although use of application firewall provides better security than using packet firewalls, often these firewalls restrict some specific sources from communicating. Apart from this, high cost of implementing firewalls also reduces its effectiveness. Use of antivirus: Although the incidents of online scams are increasing, hackers can access data due to presence of virus and worm into a computer. Presence of virus not only increase the chances of hacking but it also prevents the machines from executing normal functions. Use of antivirus not only increases security of the system but also makes it more efficient. However the antivirus requires being updated regularly for protecting new hacking methods. Often computers contain spyware or adware software. Although presence of such software does not increase security threats directly, presence of such programs can create pop-ups while a user is using internet. Kramer, (2012) states that speed of a computer reduces significantly due to presence of adware or spyware programs. According to Kizza (2013) strength of a system is an important factor for reducing the number of hacking attacks. It also indicates that presence of spyware or cookies reduces strength of a system and thus number of hacking attacks into such systems increases. Hercheui, (2012) opines that installation of anti-adware or anti-spyware programs in a computer reduces the number of unwanted software. Thus the strength of system increases and the process of protecting system from unauthorized access become easier. Hackers implement innovation in their existing techniques and thus the task of avoiding such activities become more difficult. It indicates that this anti- spyw are software require being updated regularly so that these programs can execute their tasks effectively. Using strong passwords: Use of strong passwords reduces the chance of hacking. Use of longer and complex passwords increases the number of possible combinations and thus it increases difficulty for guessing passwords. However the organizations also can implement two stage authentication policies to make their systems secure. Regularly updating OS and software: Most of the operating systems provide users with opportunities for implementing security techniques. As the natures of hacking techniques are being changed continuously, software manufacturers are also updating their products to reduce the number of bugs. Use of updated software strengthens the system and thus the system becomes more secured. According to Sverdlove (2014) use of updated operating system reduces the chance of being hacked by fixing potential security issues. Implementing safe internet practices: Although the availability of tools for preventing hacking attacks increased, the importance of using safe internet practices is also increasing. The organizations which require using internet services extensively, provides employees with guidelines for using internet safely. As the number of phishing attacks is increasing rapidly, employees are also provided with guidelines for safe e-mail handling practices (Kramer, 2012). The current trends of hacking activities indicate that often the hackers aim at deleting data instead of accessing it. Organizations require protecting their data by creating back up files. Creation of back up file reduces the chances of data loss even if a system is infected. Conclusion: Analysis on the hacking trends indicates that the hackers are using new techniques for accessing secured systems. Although the use of new techniques is increasing, risks caused by old hacking techniques are not reduced. Hacking attacks not only causes data loss for a system but also affect long term activities. However hacking attacks can be prevented by using firewall and antivirus programs. Awareness among users regarding safe practices for internet using can also reduce hacking attacks. References Bodhani, A. (2012). Bad... in a good way [ethical hacking]. Engineering Technology, 7(12), pp.64-68. Bradbury, D. (2014). Unveiling the dark web. Network Security, 2014(4), pp.14-17. Broad, J. and Bindner, A. (2014). Hacking with Kali. Waltham, MA: Elsevier Science. Finkbeiner, A. (2013). Researchers split over NSA hacking. Nature, 502(7470), pp.152-152. Hercheui, M. (2012). ICT critical infrastructures and society. Berlin: Springer. Jacobson, M. (2013). Applied cryptography and network security. Berlin: Springer. Joe, M. and Ramakrishan, B. (2014). Enhancing Security Module to Prevent Data Hacking in Online Social Networks. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 6(2). Kizza, J. (2013). Guide to computer network security. London: Springer. Kramer, J. (2012). Hacking the Kinect. [New York]: Apress. Lopez, J., Huang, X. and Sandhu, R. (2013). Network and system security. Berlin: Springer. Michael, K. (2012). Hacking: The Next Generation. Computers Security, 31(6), p.799. Stallings, W. (2013). Cryptography and network security. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Sverdlove, H. (2014). The Java vulnerability landscape. Network Security, 2014(4), pp.9-14. Zdziarski, J. (2012). Hacking and securing iOS applications. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media. Often computers contain spyware or adware software. Altho

Video Reflection African Americans in Sports free essay sample

After watching this video I feel very enlightened and that I have learned a lot about African American struggles through sports. I never realized the amount of discrimination and prejudice they faced, nor did I realize the diversity challenges they faced. From Jack Johnson all the way through to Hank Aaron the discrimination and threats that African American athletes faced was disheartening to say the least.Before watching this video I never realized that Jack Johnson faced the threats or that his fights caused many of his own race to be mobbed and doted as a result. Even when he beat the all American Jiffies he had no respect, despite being one of the greatest boxers of all time African American or not. The lack of support from white America was surprising and personally, always thought that they would just cheer on the best athlete regardless. Fast foreword to Jesse Owens in the Berlin Olympics and you wouldnt know that African American athletes were not well supported. We will write a custom essay sample on Video Reflection: African Americans in Sports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jesse Owens seemingly had the entire nation backing him yet when he got back the beliefs still lingered and almost destroyed him. Moving to baseball, without Jackie Robinson baseball wouldnt be the same as it is today, yet he faced death threats and had things thrown at him on a daily basis. Given all of their struggles with discrimination its hard to imagine sports being the same had America not eventually accepted the best athlete regardless of color.While the discrimination was rough the hardest thing to overcome was the prejudice they faced being less talented and not as good as White Athletes. The biggest obstacle for African Americans to overcome was without a doubt the prejudice. America had a set of beliefs based around the white man being superior in all things. Jack Johnson beat every man they put in front of him, yet his attitude was widely viewed as unacceptable. Even when he beat Americas Champion nothing changed. Hardheadedness of America wouldnt let them accept anything else even when it was proven.Jack Johnson out-boxed, Jesse Owens out ran, Jackie Robinson, Satchel Page, and Hank Aaron outplayed, yet the white athlete was still superior. It was widely based on the prejudice that African American athletes were incapable of handling themselves in a respectful manner. Even though Joe Lewis proved that theory to be false. The prejudice wouldnt break and the struggle would continue. In this video I personally thought one of the most important moments occurred in the chase for the home run king.Many people believed Hank Aaron was after the record for his own personal gloating, and I wouldve been on board with that theory. However, when Hank Aaron was asked about it he said Im dont want them to forget Babe Ruth, I just want them to remember me. This quote to me was special and significant in that it showed African Americans wanted to have their own legacy. Despite being different in every physical characteristic, they just wanted to play like everyone else. That ideal in the ND I believe is what conquered all of the hate.Despite being exciting to watch and bringing a new skill level to the games they didnt think they were superior, they just wanted to be able to prove they could play. Before I watched this video Ill admit, I didnt know how hard it was for African American athletes. Given every sport today is mostly populated by African Americans, its difficult and near impossible to imagine sports without them. Overall would say, even though pro sports are flooded with African Americans today; I learned how hard they had to work for the right to not only compete, but to be accepted as equals.

Origins of the Vietnam War From 1945â€1954

Origins of the Vietnam War From 1945–1954 The causes of the Vietnam War trace their roots back to the end of World War II. A French colony, Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) had been occupied by the Japanese during the war. In 1941, a Vietnamese nationalist movement, the Viet Minh, was formed by Ho Chi Minh to resist the occupiers. A communist, Ho Chi Minh waged a guerrilla war against the Japanese with the support of the United States. Near the end of the war, the Japanese began to promote Vietnamese nationalism and ultimately granted the country nominal independence. On August 14, 1945, Ho Chi Minh launched the August Revolution, which effectively saw the Viet Minh take control of the country. The French Return Following the Japanese defeat, the Allied Powers decided that the region should remain under French control. As France lacked the troops to retake the area, Nationalist Chinese forces occupied the north while the British landed in the south. Disarming the Japanese, the British used the surrendered weapons to rearm French forces that had been interned during the war. Under pressure from the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh sought to negotiate with the French, who desired to retake possession of their colony. Their entrance into Vietnam was only permitted by the Viet Minh after assurances had been given that the country would gain independence as part of the French Union. First Indochina War Discussions soon broke down between the two parties and in December 1946, the French shelled the city of Haiphong and forcibly reentered the capital, Hanoi. These actions began a conflict between the French and the Viet Minh, known as the First Indochina War. Fought mainly in North Vietnam, this conflict began as a low level, rural guerrilla war, as Viet Minh forces conducted hit and run attacks on the French. In 1949, fighting escalated as Chinese communist forces reached the northern border of Vietnam and opened a pipeline of military supplies to the Viet Minh.   French paratroopers taking part in Operation Castor, a parachute drop on Dien Bien Phu in the Thai district during the Indo-China war. Hulton Archive/Stringer/Getty Images  Ã‚   Increasingly well-equipped, the Viet Minh began more direct engagement against the enemy and the conflict ended when the French were decisively defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The war was ultimately settled by the Geneva Accords of 1954, which temporarily partitioned the country at the 17th parallel, with the Viet Minh in control of the north and a non-communist state to be formed in the south under Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem. This division was to last until 1956, when national elections would be held to decide the future of the nation. The Politics of American Involvement Initially, the United States had little interest in Vietnam and Southeast Asia, however, as it became clear that the post-World War II world would be dominated by the US and its allies and the Soviet Union and theirs, isolating communist movements took an increased importance. These concerns were ultimately formed into the doctrine of containment and domino theory. First spelled out 1947, containment identified that the goal of Communism was to spread to capitalist states and that the only way to stop it was to â€Å"contain† it within its present borders. Springing from containment was the concept of domino theory, which stated that if one state in a region were to fall to Communism, then the surrounding states would inevitably fall as well. These concepts were to dominate and guide US foreign policy for much of the Cold War. In 1950, to combat the spread of Communism, the United States began supplying the French military in Vietnam with advisors and funding its efforts against the â€Å"red† Viet Minh. This aid nearly extended to direct intervention in 1954, when the use of American forces to relieve Dien Bien Phu was discussed at length. Indirect efforts continued in 1956, when advisors were provided to train the army of the new Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) with the goal of creating a force capable of resisting Communist aggression. Despite their best efforts, the quality of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was to remain consistently poor throughout its existence. The Diem Regime South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem (1901 - 1963) watching an agricultural show just minutes after an assassination attempt had been made on his life. Keystone/Stringer/Getty Images  Ã‚   A year after the Geneva Accords, Prime Minister Diem commenced a â€Å"Denounce the Communists† campaign in the south. Throughout the summer of 1955, Communists and other opposition members were jailed and executed. In addition to attacking the communists, the Roman Catholic Diem assaulted Buddhist sects and organized crime, which further alienated the largely Buddhist Vietnamese people and eroded his support. In the course of his purges, it is estimated that Diem had up to 12,000 opponents executed and as many as 40,000 jailed.  To further cement his power, Diem rigged a referendum on the future of the country in October 1955 and declared the formation of the Republic of Vietnam, with its capital at Saigon. Despite this, the US actively supported the Diem regime as a buttress against Ho Chi Minh’s communist forces in the north. In 1957, a low-level guerrilla movement began to emerge in the south, conducted by Viet Minh units that had not returned north after the accords. Two years later, these groups successfully pressured Ho’s government into issuing a secret resolution calling for an armed struggle in the south. Military supplies began to flow into the south along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and the following year the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Viet Cong) was formed to carry out the fight. Failure and Deposing Diem The situation in South Vietnam continued to deteriorate, with corruption rife throughout the Diem government and the ARVN unable to effectively combat the Viet Cong. In 1961, the newly elected Kennedy Administration promised more aid and additional money, weapons, and supplies were sent with little effect. Discussions then began in Washington regarding the need to force a regime change in Saigon. This was accomplished on November 2, 1963, when the CIA aided a group of ARVN officers to overthrow and kill Diem. His death led to a  period of political instability that saw the rise and fall of a succession of military governments. To help deal with the post-coup chaos, Kennedy increased the number of US advisors in South Vietnam to 16,000. With Kennedys death later that same month, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson ascended to the presidency and reiterated the US commitment to fighting communism in the region.

Specialty Hospitals and Community Hospitals Essay

Specialty Hospitals and Community Hospitals - Essay Example For instance, some cardiac hospitals had a tendency of treating cases that were more profitable as compared to the cases that community hospitals dealt with, whilst there was no conclusive determination as regards specialty hospitals dealing with surgical cases. Another realization of this analysis was the higher satisfaction from patients who received their treatment from specialty hospitals compared to other hospitals (Li & Wang, 2008). The conclusion drawn from this study was that specialty hospitals delivered care that was less uncompensated. However, the compensation of these costs came from payments done to corporate and property income taxes. Another mode of compensation was the failure to receive a disproportion share of hospital payments. On the other hand, the department of health concluded that some physicians usually referred patients to their private hospitals whilst still taking emergency calls from their departments in order to maintain their bases for referrals. These studied failed to identify a significant impact differential on both utilization and quality, and as such, recommended a modification on the prices of DRG in order to reflect costs much closely, as well as, eliminating any incentives provided. According to the studies and reports, it was impossible for MedPAC and the department of health to come up with a conclusive decision about the performance and activities of specialty hospitals. However, it was necessary to come up with a solid decision in order to determine the right position of specialty hospitals within the community. For instance, the CMS came up with certain decisions at the end of August 2006. It decided to follow up the recommendations made by the MedPAC in order to revise payments made to DRG for them to be much closer to other hospital costs as compared to hospital charges. In addition, it also seconded the proposed rule whereby specialty hospitals were to accept transfers of patients

RESEARCH PAPER Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Paper Example Hence, it would be apt to apply a Marxist critical approach to any of the works of Shakespeare, and more so to Hamlet. The more traditional approaches towards literary criticism do coax and cajole the text to yield the innate meanings inherent in it. However, a Marxist approach towards the understanding of Hamlet, rather than delving on bringing out the hidden meanings, will rather try to approach the text as a material creation that needs to be understood in a historical context. To be able to interpret Hamlet in a Marxist context, the readers need to approach the theory wearing a Marxist lens that places a more than regular stress on as to how the characters affiliated to varied classes tend to interact with each other, particularly in the backdrop of the class oppression and the involving socio-economic inequity, and especially considering those words and dialogues emanating from any character that propose or are indicative of the rebellion against the upper classes. This is becau se form a Marxist perspective, the main element of interest will tend to be a determining base and then the determined superstructure imminent on it. In that context in the play Hamlet, the mannerisms inherent in the interactions between varied social classes, and the way the society is structured in the play indeed happens to be a strong driving force in the play (Joughin 57). In Hamlet one could indeed trace a strict representation of the avowed Marxist social classes that are the Aristocracy, represented by the royal family and the people of the court, which constitute the ruling class and make the pivotal socio-economic decisions in the play, the Bourgeoisie that are the characters that stand just below the aristocracy and earn a living by trading in the resources required by the other classes, and then the lowest class that are the Proletariat or the working class or the serfs that eke out a living by selling their labor and skills. There is no denying the fact that without muc h elaborating on the characters akin to each of the respective social class, it is amply evident in Hamlet that every character in it could be placed in one of the three Marxian social classes. The very first scene in Act I in Hamlet is replete with the indications of class struggle and thereby constitutes an ideal subject for a Marxian dissection. The scene begins by showing one of the guards on the palace walls relieving his colleague of the night duty. Now, in the times of Shakespeare, night watch was a work that was never assigned to the members of the upper class, and hence it could be concluded that the two guards, though being officers, hailed from the lower social strata. Irrespective of their mutual greeting of â€Å"Long Live the King!† which seems to evince their loyalty for the aristocracy, this loyalty seems to smack of falsehood and despair as no good member of the lower class made to perform the watch duty on a cold night will prefer to be so supportive of the upper classes who made one undergo such an ordeal. Hence, the truth that leaps forward is that perhaps Shakespeare happened to be an opportunist who simply could not help supporting and sustaining the socio-economic status quo of which he was a part of, that is, the monarchy,

Oral Reading Essay Example for Free

Oral Reading Essay Reading is a complex activity. It sends our brains into a frenzy of electrical impulses that zig and zag through matter in ways we still do not totally understand. It organizes sights and sounds in designs that ultimately connect us to the broad vistas of lifes many landscapes. Reading gives us the opportunity to appreciate those landscapes in all their variety. It is remarkable that, whatever approach, method, or ideology is used to teach reading, most students become proficient at it. For many students, successful reading is assimilated into their experience quickly and with seeming smoothness. For perhaps as many as 20% of students however, reading is not an automatic skill. Patterns of understanding have to be systematically instilled so that the reading has the opportunity to crack the alphabetic code. More and more, what we have learned is that connecting these alphabetic symbols to specific sounds in order to create meaningful words. There is considerable longitudinal research to support that we should employ literacy skills every time we read. Without this connection between the basic unit of sound and the alphabetic symbol, reading does not occur for any of us. Accurate identification of children who experience delays in attaining critical early literacy skills is needed to prevent reading problems. Studies have demonstrated that reading problems become increasingly more resistant to intervention and treatment after the 3rd grade. This study will focus on early core literacy skills. These needed core skills for young children are phonological awareness (ability to identify and manipulate sounds), alphabet knowledge (awareness of individual letters and letter names), and grapheme–phoneme correspondence (ability to identify correspondence between letters and sounds). Children’s abilities across these four core skills serve as important predictors of subsequent reading achievement. A screening instrument that does not comprehensively examine all core skills may be ineffective for identifying children who display limitations in a particular area of early literacy. However, failing to identify young children exhibiting delays in early literacy acquisition or lacking core literacy skills is a risky venture and this is a challenge that we will face in this study. Historical Background Name: Alyza Zofia Z. RenonAge: 5 Sex: FemaleDate of birth: March 10, 2006 Identification: Alyza is a normal, outgoing 5 year-old kindergarten girl. Since her mother is a pre-elementary teacher, she teaches her everything when they are at home. She enjoys dancing and playing games. She loves to listen about science-related topics whenever possible. She is talkative and loves to answer questions. She can only read alphabet and one or two syllable words with pictures. Affective Factors Alyzass motivational level apparently varies with the topic. According to her mother, if the topic is interesting to her like books with colorful pictures, she is highly motivated. However, if the topic does not appeal to her, she keeps silent or finds something to play with. Physical Factors Alyza has a very good eyesight, in terms of auditory acuity, Alyza showed no indications of difficulties. Alyza didnt show any other physical limitation; she appears to be physically healthy. This means, there are no obvious health-related reasons for her reading difficulties. Objectives: This research will aim to determine or identify student who is at risk or not at risk for reading problems. This study will also seek to answer the following questions: 1. How do the 3 literacy skills affect the reading of the child? 2. How does the students background affect her reading ability? 3. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the child in reading? Significance of the study The researchers hope that the study will be beneficial to the following: To the student, who will learn and improve her reading skills. Likewise, to the teachers of kindergarten, for they will focus more on the three literacy skills. Furthermore, to the researchers, to understand the factors that affect the poor reading ability of the child. Lastly, to the school administration, this study will provide basis to improve their curriculum and to focus more on literacy skills in pre-elementary department. Scope and Delimitation of the study This study will be conducted to determine the literacy skills of a kindergarten child. It will deal on how the child identify and manipulate sounds, her awareness of letter names and ability to identify correspondence between letters and sounds. It will discuss the certain measures, steps and ways on how to develop the literacy skills of the child in reading but it does not deal on the ways on how to pronounce the words correctly nor steps on how to syllabicate the words properly. The respondent of the study will be limited to kindergarten student only. Research Paradigm Chapter 2 Review of related literature Local According to Unicef Philippines, there are only 63% of the children who enroll in school complete primary school, this means that the quality of education remains poor in many areas of the country. A childs literacy skills are important to their success in school and work. Children who learn to read from an early age are generally more successful in academic areas. (Unicef Philippines) There were a research in 2008 conducted by by Bananal, a faculty member of arts and letters in U. S. T on how to measure the reading ability of grades 1 and 2 students. She stated that there were 3 levels in reading: Independent reading level pupil can read with ease without the help or guidance of a teacher. The student can also read with rhythm, with a conversational tone and can interpret punctuation correctly. Instructional reading level pupil can profit from instruction. Frustrated reading level pupils show symptoms or behavior of withdrawing from reading situation and commit multiple type of error in informal reading. Reading levels of children Grade 1 Frustrated reader 64. 41% Instructional reader 20. 17% Independent reader 15. 42% Grade 2 Frustrated reader 49. 98% Instructional reader 31. 40% Independent reader 19. 07% The result showed that there many students who encountered difficulties in oral reading. This means that children did not master the three literacy skills when they were in the primary level. The use of accurate, valid, reliable screening tools several times throughout the early years can help in the identification of those in need of monitoring further intervention or remediation. Information obtained from early reading screenings is likely to lead to positive changes in childrens reading trajectories because prevention strategies and interventions provided have a better chances of success when started sooner rather than later (Bananal, 2008). Foreign The negative effects of reading problems are well documented (Harris Sipay, 1990). There is evidence that reading disability is associated with social, economic, and psychological problems. There is little evidence, however, that efforts to correct reading problems through remedial reading programs or through special education placement have been very successful (Allington McGill-Franzen, 1989; Hiebert Taylor, 1994; Johnston Allington, 1991; Karweit, Slavain, Wasik, 1992-93; Kennedy, Birman, Demaline, 1986; Rowan Guthrie, 1989). Instead, there is evidence to suggest that children who encounter difficulty in learning to read fall further and further behind their achieving peers (Stanovich, 1986). Traditional approaches to dealing with reading problems, such as tracking and grade retention, do not help; indeed, they often appear to be detrimental to eventual student achievement (Shepard Smith, 1989; McGill-Franzen Allington, 1993). In contrast, a growing body of evidence suggests that reading problems are preventable for the vast majority of students who encounter difficulty in learning to read, if these students receive extra support in the form of an early intervention program (Goldenberg, 1994; Hiebert Taylor, 1994; Reynolds, 1991). In this paper, the term early intervention refers to early school intervention programs that are designed to prevent problems in literacy from developing rather than trying to correct a problem after it is established. For the most part, such programs have been used in first and second grades. Several of these programs have proven very effective when compared to conventional compensatory reading programs. For example, Hiebert, Colt, Catto, and Gury (1992) report that while 77 percent of the students in their early intervention project were reading at a primer level at the end of first grade, only 18 percent of a comparison group who participated in a traditional Title I program achieved that level of reading proficiency. While almost half (47 percent) of the students in the conventional Title I program remained nonreaders at the end of first grade, only 7 percent of the early intervention students were nonreaders. Thus, a growing body of evidence suggests that almost all reading problems are preventable. A review of the research literature indicates that there are at least five early reading intervention programs that have documented effectiveness. This paper will only very briefly describe the individual programs and then will concentrate on the factors that seem characteristic of all or at least most of these successful intervention programs. Two of the five programs, Success for All (Madden, Slavin, Karweit, Dolan, Wasik, 1991; Slavin, Madden, Karweit, Livermon, Dolan, 1990; Slavin, Madden, Karweit, Dolan, Wasik, 1992), and the Winston-Salem Project (Cunningham, Hall, Defee, 1991; Hall, Prevatte, Cunningham, 1993), involve comprehensive reorganization of the entire classroom routine; all students in the grades in which the program is implemented are affected. In the Winston-Salem Project all first and second grade reading/language arts instruction was reorganized around four major, thirty-minute blocks of activities: teacher-directed group reading activities, word learning activities, writing, and self-selected reading. In addition, in the school that served a very high proportion of at-risk students, an additional 45-minute block of time for very small-group instruction was included. During this small-group instruction time, students had additional opportunities to practice reading, writing, and word learning activities. Though it has now been implemented in more than 85 schools, Success for All was first implemented in schools in major metropolitan areas that served, almost exclusively, children from low socioeconomic backgrounds who had few experiences with literacy. Major features of this schoolwide program included heterogeneous grouping for most of the day, cross-grade grouping according to reading level for 90 minutes of smaller group (15 to 20 students) reading instruction, and one-to-one tutoring for those students  who needed extra support. The Boulder Program (Hiebert, Colt, Catto, Gury, 1992) and Reading Recovery (Clay, 1985; Clay, 1993; Clay, 1993a; Pinnell, 1989; Pinnell, Fried, Eustice, 1990) are add-on, pull-out programs; they are added to whatever approach to language arts instruction is being used in a school. The Reading Recovery Program, which originated in New Zealand, has been widely implemented in the United States and in several other countries as well. It is exclusively a first grade, one-to-one tutoring program. Reading Recovery is also recognized for the extensiveness of its teacher training program, which is conducted over the course of a year with fully certified teachers. The Boulder Program operated exclusively with the resources of a Title I program. The program worked originally with a pupil-teacher ratio of six students for each teacher. Through the use of carefully trained, supervised paraprofessionals who worked closely with certified, trained teachers, the ratio was reduced to three students for each teacher. Instruction was daily for twenty minutes. The Early Intervention in Reading Program (EIR) (Taylor, Frye, Short, Shearer, 1992; Taylor, Strait, Medo, 1994) takes yet another approach. Regular first and second grade classroom teachers work for an extra twenty minutes with the five or six students who are encountering the greatest amount of difficulty in learning to read. Provision is also made for these students to practice their reading for an additional five or ten minutes each day by reading individually or in pairs to the teacher, a teachers aide, a volunteer, etc. All five programs clearly acknowledge that the small-group or individual early intervention instruction that students receive is an addition to, not a substitute for, the instruction they receive as part of the regular classroom program. In the case of two of the programs (Success for All and the Winston-Salem Project), regular classroom reading instruction has been redesigned to ensure that appropriate instructional routines and materials are used. However, even when early intervention instruction is added to an effective existing reading program, there is also the anticipation that the sound practices that are part of the early intervention program will become infused into regular classroom instruction if they are not already part of it. For example, Reading Recovery teachers almost always spend part of their day as regular classroom teachers, reading consultants, language arts coordinators, etc. ; through these roles they attempt to introduce  instructional principles and practices that are part of Reading Recovery into the ongoing regular classroom. All of the programs reflect a model of reading as an active, meaningful, constructive process. Before-reading activities are used to build or activate relevant background knowledge, concepts, and vocabulary. Students are taught to monitor their reading to ensure that what they are reading makes sense. They are taught strategies for correcting word recognition errors that detract from meaning, and they are given opportunities for reacting and responding to selections they have read. The texts they are asked to read are read for enjoyment and for information. Other activities are developed within a framework of reading for meaning. Because reading for meaning is the constant point of reference and because students in these programs need substantial help in building word identification skills, the amount of time spent in discussing selections and in teacher questioning about the selection is kept to a minimum.